Clinical Research Quiz 2 pt 2
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| Cronbach’s alpha/ Coefficient alpha | a reliability index that estimates the internal consistency or homogeneity of a composite measure composed of several items or subparts; DOESN’T evaluate fluctuations over time as a source or unreliability
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| Concurrent validity | the degree to which scores on an instrument are correlated with an external criterion, measured at the same time; an instrument’s ability to distinguish individuals who differ on a present criterion
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| Difference between predictive and concurrent validity | The difference in timing of obtaining measurements on a criterion
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| Confirmability | a criterion for integrity referring to the objectivity or neutrality of the data & interpretations
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| Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) | a factor analysis designed to confirm a hypothesized measurement model, using maximum likelihood estimation
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| Construct validity | t/ validity of inferences from observed persons, settings, & interventions in a study to the constructs that these instances might represent; w/ an instrument, t/ degree to which it measures the construct under investigation
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| Content validity | t/ degree to which the items in an instrument adequately represent the universe of content for the concept being measured
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| Convergence | an approach to construct validation that involves assessing the degree to which 2 methods of measuring a construct yield similar information; evidence that different methods of measuring a construct yield similar results
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| Correlation coefficient | a tool used to quantitatively describe the magnitude and direction of a relationship btw 2 variables
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| Credibility | in QUALITATIVE research, the confidence in the truth of the data (in QUANTITATIVE research, the like term is internal validity)
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| Criterion-related validity | degree to which scores on instrument are correlated w/ external criterion (i.e. if scores on scale of attitudes toward premarital sex correlate highly w/ subsequent loss of virginity in sample of teenagers, then attitude scale would have good validity)
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| Cut-off score | a key in developing new diagnostic or screening measures; uses a score to distinguish cases & noncases
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| Data triangulation | use of multiple data sources for the purpose of validating conclusions
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| Dependability | in QUALITATIVE research, the stability of the data over time & conditions; (in QUANTITATIVE research it’s reliability)
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| Discriminability | the ability to differentiate the construct form other similar constructs
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| Equivalence | degree to which two or more independent observers or coders agree about scoring; high agreement= measurement errors hv bn minimized
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| Error of measurement | the difference between true and obtained scores that is a result of factors that distort the measurement
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| Face validity | refers to whether t/ instrument appears, on the face of it, to be measuring the appropriate construct
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| Factor | a dimension that represents a relatively unitary attribute
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| Factor analysis | method for identifying clusters of related variables
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| Internal consistency | t/ degree to which the subparts of a composite scale are all measuring the same attribute or dimension, as a measure of the scale’s reliability
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| Interrater (interobserver) reliability | t/ degree to which 2 raters/observers, operating independently, assign the same ratings or values for an attribute being measured or observed
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| Inverse relationship | incr in one variable are associated with decr in the 2nd variable.
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| Investigator triangulation | use of 2 or more researchers to analyze and interpret a data set, to enhance rigor
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| Item analysis techniques | type of analysis used to assess whether items on a scale are tapping the same construct and are sufficiently discriminating
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| Item response theory (IRT)/ latent trait theory | a measurement perspective where the focus is on the item rather than the overall scale or rests, and procedures involve examining a person’s response to each item
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| Known-groups technique | technique for estimating the construct validity of an instrument through an analysis of the degree to which the instrument separate groups predicted to differ based on known characteristics or theory
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| Measurement | involves assigning numbers to represent the amount of an attribute present in an object or person, using a specified set of rules
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| Member check | method of validating the credibility of qualitative data through debriefings & discussions w/ informants
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| Method triangulation | use of multiple methods of data collection about the same phenomenon, to enhance rigor or validity
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| Multitrait-multimethod matrix method (MTMM) | using multi measures to assess instrument’s construct validity; instrument valid due to relation btw it & other measures of same attribute (convergence) & a weak relationship btw it & measures purporting to measure diff attribute (discriminability)
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| Observed (obtained) score | w/in classical measurement theory, the actual score/numerical value assigned to a person on a measure; obtained score can be conceptualized as having two parts—an error component and a true component.
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| How is obtained score calculated? | Obtained score = True score + Error
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| Peer debriefing | sessions w/ peers to review & explore various aspects of a study, sometimes used to enhance trustworthiness in a qualitative study
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| Perfect relationship | a correlation btw 2 variables such that the values of one variable permit perfect prediction of the values of the other; designated as 1 or -1 (i.e. assuming that tallest person is heaviest person, 2nd tallest is 2nd heaviest, etc.)
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| Persistent observation | a QUALITATIVE researcher’s intense focus on the aspects of a situation that are relevant to the phenomena being studied
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| Person triangulation | collection of data from diff levels of persons, w/ the aim of validating data through multiple perspectives on the phenomenon
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| Positive relationship | relationship btw 2 variables where high values on one variable tend to be associated with high values on the other (i.e. as phys activity incr, hrt rate incr too)
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| Predictive validity | t/ adequacy of an instrument in differentiating btw people’s performance on a future criterion (i.e. school correlates high school students’ grades /w performance in college)
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| Prolonged engagement | in QUALITATIVE research, the investment of sufficient time during data collection to have an in-depth understanding of the group or phenomenon under study, thereby enhancing credibility
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| Psychometric assessment | an evaluation of the quality of an instrument, based primarily on evidence of its reliability and validity
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| Reliability | accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study; the degree of consistency or dependability /c which an instrument measures an attribute
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| Reliability coefficient | an index of the magnitude of the test’s reliability; this allows test-retest reliability comparison to be performed objectively
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| Researcher credibility | the faith that can be put in a researcher, based on his or her training, qualifications, and experience
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| Sensitivity | the ability of screening instruments to correctly identify a “case” that is, to CORRECTLY DIAGNOSE A CONDITION
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| Specificity | t/ ability of screening instrument to CORRECTLY IDENTIFY NONCASES
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| Stability | t/ extent to which similar scores are obtained on separate occasions
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| Test-retest reliability | t/ assessment of the STABILITY of an instrument by correlating the scores obtained on 2 administrations
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| Theory triangulation | use of competing theories or hypotheses in the analysis and interpretation of data
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| Thick description | a rich and thorough description of the research context in a qualitative study
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| Time triangulation | the collection of data on the same phenomenon or about the same people at diff points in time, to enhance validity
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| Transferability | in QUALITATIVE RESEARCH the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings; (in QUANTITATIVE research, it’s called generalizability)
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| Triangulation | the use of multiple sources or references to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth; people combine qualitative interviews /c quantitative study tools
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| True score | a hypothetical score that would be obtained if a measure were infallible
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| Trustworthiness of data | the degree of confidence QUALITATIVE researchers have in their data; it’s assessed using credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, & authenticity
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| Validity | complex concept that broadly concerns the SOUNDNESS of a study’s evidence—that is, whether the findings are unbiased & well grounded; the degree to WHICH AN INSTRUMENT MEASURES WHAT IT’S INTENDED TO MEASURE
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| Clarity | scale items should be clear, unambiguous items; words should be carefully chosen with the educational & reading level of the target population in mind; to be considered while wording items for scale
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| Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) | a factor analysis designed to confirm a hypothesized measurement model, using maximum likelihood estimation
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| Construct | an abstraction or concept that is deliberately invented by researchers for a scientific purpose (i.e. health locus of control)
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| Content validation | t/ process in which the items in an instrument adequately represent the universe of content for the concept being measured
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| Cut-off point (score) | a key in developing new diagnostic or screening measures; uses a score to distinguish cases & noncases
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| Difficulty levels | an item analysis technique which indicates how “difficult” each item is
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| Domain sampling model | Random sampling of a homogeneous set of items from a hypothetical universe of items relating to the construct
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| Eigenvalues | in FACTOR ANALYSIS the value equal to the sum of the squared weights for each factor
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| Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) | A FACTOR ANALYSIS undertaken to explore the underlying dimensionality of a set of variables
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| Factor analysis | method for identifying clusters of related variables
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| Factor extraction | 1st PHASE of FACTOR ANALYSIS, involving extraction of as much variance as pos thru t/ successive creation of linear combinations of variables in data set; condensing items to smaller no. of factors & used to identify t/ no. or underlying dimensions
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| Factor loadings | in FACTOR ANALYSIS, t/ weight associated w/ variable on a given factor
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| Factor rotation | t/ 2ND PHASE OF FACTOR ANALYSIS, during which, the reference axes for the factors are moved to more clearly align variables w/ a factor; makes factors more interpretable
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| Goodness-of-fit statistic | Testing hypothesized measurement model against actual data, showing correlation & indicating if model is a good fit
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| Item analysis | a type of analysis used to assess whether items on a scale are tapping the same construct and are sufficiently discriminating
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| Jargon | terms that might be well-known in one field of existence, but not in another; should be avoided in forming scale items
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| Latent variable | underlying construct; an unmeasured variable that represents an underlying, abstract construct
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| Maximum likelihood estimation | an estimation approach in which the estimators are ones that estimate the parameters more likely to have generated the observed measurements
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| Measurement model | in structural equations modeling, the model that stipulates the hypothesized relationships among the manifest and latent variables
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| Oblique rotation | in FACTOR ANALYSIS, a rotation of factors such that the reference axes are allowed to move to acute or oblique angles and hence the factors are allowed to be correlated; greater than 90-degrees; allows correlated factors
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| Orthogonal rotation | in FACTOR ANALYSIS, a rotation of factors such that the reference axes are kept at right angles, and hence the factors remain uncorrelated; maintains independence of the factors
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| Principal components analysis (PCA) | a widely used FACTOR extractor method where weights for the first factor are compute such that the avg squared weight is maximized
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| Readability | t/ ease with which materials can be read by people w/ varying reading skills, often empirically evaluated through readability formulas
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