Ecology of Populations
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| Population | Group of individuals of the same species occupying a common geographical area
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| • Population Ecology | The study of how populations interact with their environment
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| • Population | Group of individuals of the same species occupying a common geographical area
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| • Habitat | Where a species normally lives
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| Characteristics of populations | Each population has certain characteristics such as population size, population density, population distribution, age structure.
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| • Population size | Number of individuals making up its gene pool
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| • Population density | Number of individuals per unit of area or volume, e.g.persons/square mile
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| • Population distribution | The general pattern in which the population members are dispersed through its habitat, may be: Clumped (most common), Uniformly dispersed (rare), or Randomly dispersed
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| • Age structure | Defines the relative proportions of individuals of each age: Pre-reproductive, Reproductive, and Post-reproductive
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| • Zero population growth | A near balance of births and deaths
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| • biotic potential | The maximum rate of increase under ideal conditions. Few populations live under ideal conditions because a number of factors limit their growth
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| • Limiting factor | Any resource that is in short supply, e.g. food, minerals, light, living space, refuge from predators, etc.
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| • Carrying capacity | Maximum number of individuals of a species or population a given environment can sustain. Each habitat or area can only support so many individuals
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| • Cohort | A group of individuals born at the same time, e.g. baby boomers are a large group of individuals born just after World War II
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| Life Table | An age-specific death schedule
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| Survivorship schedule | For each age interval there is an predicted life expectancy or survivorship
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| • r-selected organisms | Put most of their energy into rapid growth and reproduction--Unpredictable environments (weeds)
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| • K-selected organisms | Put most of their energy into growth--stable environments--(Redwood trees)
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| Population growth mathematical equation | G=rN (G = population growth per unit time, r = rate of increase and N= the number of individuals)
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| Logistic Growth | S shaped curve--(Early on populations will exhibit very rapid growth but as they near the carrying capacity they will level off)
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| Density dependent | The growth of a population is affected by the density of individuals (26 reindeer in 1910--by 1940 2000 reindeer, no food 8 reindeer in 1950)
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| Density-independent factors | Population size and growth may also be controlled by adverse weather, floods, droughts, cold temperatures etc.
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