APUSH 2014/2015
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| Ulysses S. Grant | most popular Civil War hero; Republican; narrow cultural background; won 1868 election against Horatio Seymour
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| Horatio Seymour | Democratic nominee in election of 1868; supported by whites; lost
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| "Jubilee Jim" Fisk | the "brass" of the plot to corner the gold market in 1869 by bidding the price of gold very high so the US treasury was forced to release gold
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| Jay Gould | the "brains" of the plot to corner the gold market in 1869 by bidding the price of gold very high so the US treasury was forced to release gold
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| Thomas Nast | a cartoonist of the New York Times who exposed the Tweed Ring
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| Horace Greeley | endorsed by Democrats in the 1872 election; had unsound political judgements
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| Jay Cooke | financed the Union during the Civil War; Jay Cooke & Company
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| Roscoe Conkling | leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican party; supported Grant; swapped civil service jobs for votes
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| James G. Blaine | led Half-Breed faction of the Republican party; called for civil service reform
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| Rutherford B. Hayes | a compromise candidate chosen by the Republicans in 1876; from Ohio
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| Samuel Tilden | Democratic nominee in the election of 1876; had fame from the Tweed incident
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| James A. Garfield | Republican candidate in the election of 1880; waver of the "bloody shirt"; energetic and able; assassinated in 1881 which shocked the Republicans into reforming the spoils system
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| Chester A. Arthur | Garfield's VP who became president after the assassination; a surprising reformer; the Republican party grew to hate him
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| Winfield S. Hancock | Democratic nominee in 1880; US Army officer; notable for his leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg
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| Charles J. Guiteau | assassinated Garfield because he wanted an office position
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| Grover Cleveland | Democratic nominee in the election of 1884; reformer; revealed he had an affair with a widow which led to mudslinging and he barely won
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| Benjamin Harrison | "waving the bloody shirt", elected president in 1888; Republican; grandson of William H. Harrison
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| Thomas Reed | speaker of the house; dominated the "Billion Dollar Congress"; gave pensions and increased purchase of silver
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| William McKinley | last veteran of the civil war to be elected president in election of 1896
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| James B. Weaver | nominated by People's Party in 1892; got support from midwest and west; prominent showing in election
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| Tom Watson | People's Party leader; had early success; became a vicious racist
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| soft money | paper money; supported by poor and debtors
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| hard money | coins; supported by wealthy
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| contraction | the amount of money per capita decreased between 1870 and 1880
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| resumption | got rid of cheap paper money and replaced it with gold at face value
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| Gilded Age | term coined by Mark Twain; time period characterized by rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and labor movement
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| spoils system | the system of trading civil service jobs for votes in an election
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| crop-lien system | allowed farmers to have more credit; they were allowed to use harvested crops to pay back their loans
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| pork-barrel bills | when congress votes for an unnecessary internal improvement project so a member can get more district popularity
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| populism | political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people
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| grandfather clause | an exemption based on circumstances existing prior to the adoption of a policy
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| "Ohio Idea" | the idea that greenbacks (paper money) could be exchanged for gold to help farmers
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| "bloody shirt" | when a war hero gets elected into a political office
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| Tweed Ring | "Boss Tweed" employed bribery and fraud to get over $200M of NYC taxpayer money; exposed by Thomas Nast and Samuel J. Tilden
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| Crédit Mobilier | 1872; Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed Crédit Mobilier Construction Company and hired themselves at inflated prices so they could earn high dividends; distributed shares of its stock to Congressmen
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| Whiskey Ring | a group that robbed the Treasury of excise tax revenues by declaring they had less money than they actually did; Grant was initially angry until his secretary was a culprit
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| Liberal Republicans | urged purification of of the administration and the end of Reconstruction
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| Panic of 1873 | caused by too much growth and internal improvements; 15,000+ businesses went bankrupt; debtors and blacks were hit worst
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| Bland-Allison Act | 1878; authorized the coinage of a limited amount of silver money; required the govt. to buy $2-4M worth of silver; repealed in 1900
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| Greenback Labor party | anti-monopoly ideology; active in 1870's/1880's; opposed shift from paper money back to hard money
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| Grand Army of the Republic | composed of veterans of the Union army; one of the first organized advocacy groups
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| Stalwart | faction of the Republican party; led by Roscoe Conkling; swapped civil service jobs for votes
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| Half-Breed | opposed to Stalwarts; led by James G. Blaine; urged for civil-service reform
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| Compromise of 1877 | Hayes promised to show concern for the South and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democratic acception of the fraudulent election results
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| Pendleton Act | made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal; established a civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs based on the results of competitive examinations
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| Mugwumps | Republicans who voted Democratic for their dislike of James G. Blaine
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| Plessy vs. Ferguson | 1896; "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment
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| Jim Crow | developed in the South; laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas; blacks had unequal opportunities in education, jobs, etc
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| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882; prohibited all further Chinese immigration into the US until 1943
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| US vs. Wong Kim | 1898; ruled that the 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to everyone born in the US
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| Billion-Dollar Congress | led by Harrison; known for its lavish spending; passed many acts
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| People's Party | emerged in 1892; demanded inflation, a lowered income tax, more govt ownership, one-term limit, direct election, shorter workday, immigration restrictions
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| Sherman Silver Purchase Act | 1898; required that the govt buy twice as much silver; added to the amount of money in circulation; threatened to undermine gold reserves
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| McKinley Tariff | boosted rates to their highest peace-time level ever; farmers had no choice but to buy expensive manufactured goods and sell their own into unprotected markets; led to unhappy farmers and Republicans lost their majority in Congress
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