Vocabulary - First Civilizations
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| A person who studies & writes about the past. | Historian
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| A scientist who studies and learns about past human life by studying fossils and artifacts. | Archaeologist
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| A weapon, tool, or other item made by humans. | Artifact
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| The trace or imprint of a plant or animal that has been preserved in rock. | Fossil
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| A scientist who studies the physical characteristics & cultures of humans and their ancestors. | Anthropologist
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| A person or persons who normally moves from place to place. | Nomads
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| Tools & methods used to help humans perform tasks. | Technology
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| To tame animals and plants for human use | Domesticate
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| The development of different kinds of jobs. | Specialization
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| Method of bringing water to a field from another area to water the crops. | Irrigation
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| Independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages. | City-state
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| A skilled craftsperson. | Artisan
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| Sumerian system of writing made up of wedge-shaped markings. | Cuneiform
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| A record keeper. | Scribe
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| A group of territories or nations under a single ruler or government. | Empire
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| River in southeastern Turkey and Iraq that merges with the Euphrates River. | Tigris River
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| River in southwestern Asia that flows through Syria and Iraq and joins the Tigris River near the Persian Gulf. | Euphrates River
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| Early center of civilization, in the area of modern Iraq and eastern Syria, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. | Mesopotamia
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| Region in southern Mesopotamia; invented writing (cuneiform); developed many scientific and mathematical ideas and inventions still used today. | Sumer
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| Once the world's largest and richest city, on the banks of the Euphrates River in northern Mesopotamia. | Babylon
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| King of the Akkadians; conquered Mesopotamia in about 2340 B.C. and set up the world's first empire. | Sargon
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| Ruled Babylon 1792-1750 B.C. and united Mesopotamia into one strong rule; wrote 282 laws used to govern the people of Babylon that were the first to cover all aspects of society ("eye for an eye"). | Hammurabi
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| Terraced gardens built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife; one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. | Hanging Gardens
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| Led the Chaldeans in their rebellion against Assyria; built many important landmarks in Mesopotamia, including the Hanging Gardens. | Nebuchadnezzar
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| A political district. | Province
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| A group of traveling merchants and animals. | Caravan
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| A person who studies stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies. | Astronomer
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| Old Stone Age. 2,5000,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C. | Paleolithic
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| New Stone Age. 8,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C. | Neolithic
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| Extra; more than is needed. | Surplus
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| Neolithic man whose body was discovered in 1991. He was discovered in the mountains near the border of Austria & Italy. | Otzi the Iceman
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| A belief in many Gods. | Polytheism
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