Pharmacology Chapters 7-8
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| this occurs when the combination of 2 antibiotics produces more effect than would be expected if their individual effects were added | synergism
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| the practitioner causes the infection...this is called?? | iatrogenic
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| which antibiotic has the highest incidence of GI complaints? | erythromycin
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| which two antibiotics are not associated with teratogenicity and have been used in pregnancy? | penicillin and erythromycin
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| probenecid ______ the blood levels and prolongs the action of penicillin | increase
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| erythromycin can increase the serum levels of what drugs? | theophylline, digoxin, triazolam, warfarin, carbamazepine and cyclosporine
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| what are the main points of tetracyclines? | stored in saliva and milk of lactating mothers
stored in the dentin and enamel of un-erupted teeth
concentrated in the gingival creicular fluid
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| what causes abnormal taste | clarithromycin
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| tetracycline enhance the effect of what... | sulfonylureas, digoxin, lithium and theophylline
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| diary products containing Ca, antacids and mineral supplements should not be taken within 2 hours of ingesting... | tetracycline
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| tetracyclines may decrease the effectiveness of and increase the effectiveness of | oral contraceptives
oral anticoagulants
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| morbilliform skin rashes is an adverse effect seen with the use of... | clindamycin
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| what is important for metronidazole? | no alcohol use, bactericidal and penetrates all bacterial walls, causes dygeusia, polyuria, dysuria and furry tongue, used to treat trichomoniasis, giardiasis
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| what is an adverse reaction of vancomycin? | red man syndrome
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| what is the ability to retard or inhibit the growth of bacteria? | bacteriostatic
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| what is acyclovir and what is it used to treat? | antiviral used to treat herpes simplex
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| what are the antituberculosis agents? | Rifampin, Isoniazid (INH), Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
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| what are the components of neosporin? | Neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin
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| what are the antivirals used to treat AIDS? | AZT and zodurvodine
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| ketoconazole can increase the blood levels of... | cyclosporine
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| prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is not recommended for... | bleeding from trauma to the lips
taking dental radiographs
shedding of deciduous teeth
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| what are cardiac conditions for which prophylaxis with dental procedure is recommended? | prosthetic cardiac valve
congenital heart disease
cardiac transplantation recipients who develop cardiac valvulopathy
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| what are the oral lesions of penicillins consist of? | stomatitis and black furry tongue
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| what are the 6 reasons why there is antibiotic failure? | poor debridement
wrong antibiotic
patient compliance
inadequate host response
concentration of medication does not reach infection
superinfection
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| what is Fanconi's syndrome? | renal damage associated with tetracyclines
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| what is one adverse reaction to cephalosporins | nephrotoxicity
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| sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of... | folic acid
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| what is dygeusia? | abnormal taste
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| what is a way to treat oral candidiasis? | nystatin
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| what is antibacterial? | a substance from any source that inhibits or kills bacteria
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| what is an antiviral agent? | substance that destroys or suppress the growth or multiplication of virus
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| what is bacteristatic? | the ability to inhibit or retard the growth or multiplication of bacteria
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| what is MIC or minimum inhibitory concentration? | lowest concentration needed to inhibit visible growth of an organism on media after 18-24 hours of incubation
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| what is spectrum? | range of activity of a drug
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| what is the most common fungus in the oral cavity? | candida albicans
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| in the 1997 AHA bacterial endocarditis guidelines recommend prophylaxis for | intraligamental local anesthesia injections
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| in the 1997 AHA bacterial endocarditis regimen uses which antibiotic as the "standard" regimen for dental procedures in adults | amoxicillin
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| what are the adverse reactions to tetracyclines | photosensitivity, dizziness, vertigo, glossitis and cheilitis
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| what is diflucan used to treat? | oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis
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| what is Herpetic whitlow? | purulent infection causing an abscess of the bulbous distal end of a finger
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| Bactroban can be used for treatment of... | impetigo
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| oral coagulants are _______ so interfering with the production of _____ could increase the anticoagulant effect | vitamin k inhibitors
vitamin K
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| penicillin is a potent _______ agent | bactericidal
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| what are the oral lesions implicated in penicillin allergy? | black, furry tongue, glossitis, cheilosis, stomatitis
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| the use of clindamycin is linked with | pseudomembranous colitis
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| clotrimazole, jetoconazole and fluconazole are all... | antifungal agents
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| how long should nystatin be used for it to be effective? | 10-14 days or for 48 hours after symptoms have subsided and cultures have returned negative
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| where is erythromycin broken down? | in gastric fluid and therefore must be enteric coated
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| what are the adverse reactions of Kanamycin and Gentamicin | ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
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| an adverse reaction of the quinolines is a rupture of the.. | achilles tendon
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| what antibiotics do not have a dental use? | vancomycin
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| what is the adverse reaction of chloramphenicol | aplastic anemia
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| Griseofulvin is an anti fungal agent used to treat | scalpel ring worm
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| minocycline causes... | black pigmentation of the mandibular and maxillary alveolar bone and hard palate
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| what two antibiotics cause cardiac arryhmias? | cisapride and clarithromycin
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| what an alcohol and metronidazole cause | nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and headache
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| what can produce disulfiram like reactions | cephalosporins
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| the minimal inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration to inhibit visible growth of an organism on media after.... | 18-24 hours of incubation
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| what has the highest incidence of GI complaints? | erythromycin
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| large doses of penicillin G can cause which of the following symptoms | renal damage with fever
eosinophilia and increased BUN
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| tetracyclines can cross... | the placenta and fetal circulation
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| photosensitvity is an adverse reaction of which of the antibiotics | tetracycline
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| otottoxicity and nephrotoxicity have been associated with | aminoglycosides
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| a black furry tongue can be seen with use of | penicillins and metronidazole
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| a yellow brown discoloration of the tongue can be seen with | tetracyclines
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| amphotericin B has been used to treat | deep fungal infections
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| pseudomembranous colitits has been associated with the use of... | clindamycin
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| what has been known to have a metallic taste | clarithromycin
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| what are morbiliform skin rashes? | measles like rash
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| which antibiotic has serious adverse effects of aplastic anemia and thrombocytopenia? | cephalosporin
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| Acyclovir is a medication used to treat | herpetic lesions
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| nystatin is a.... | fungicidal and fungistatic
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| an infection is a... | invasion of the body by pathogenic microbes as well as a reaction of the tissues to their presence
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| what is associated with enterocolitits and pseudomembranous colitis? | cephalosporin
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| what is the spectrum | the range of activity of a drug
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| what are the 3 effects on the teeth and bones by tetracycline? | grayish color of teeth, brown tongue, concentrated in cervicular fluid
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| what is the structure of penicillin is reffered as... | beta lactam ring
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| the toxicity of AZT is related to.... | bone marrow depression
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| penicillins inhibit | cell wall synthesis
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| what are the anti fungal agents? | mycelex, ketoconazole, fluconazole
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| zovirax or acyclovir can be used for the treatment of.. | herpes simplex
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| griseofulvin can be used to treat... | tinea capitis
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| what can be used to treat AIDS | Zidovudine
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| the best defense against a pathogen is the... | his reponse
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| what is the blood serum level? | the concentration of the antiinfective agent
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| what occurs when the combination of two agents produces less effect than either agent alone | antagoinism
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| what is one systemic mycosis? | hstoplasmosis
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| what is an adverse reaction to the tongue in the use of teracyline? | brown discoloration of tongue
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