Genetics
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| Additive gene action | when total phenotypic effect is the sum of the individual effects of the alleles
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| Alleles | one of tow or more alternative forms of a gene occupying corresponding sites(loci) on homologous chromosomes
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| Biotechnology | a collective set of tools and applications of living organisms to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses
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| Breed | animals with common ancestry that have distinguishable, fixed characteristics;when mated with others of the breed, they produce offspring with the same characteristics
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| Crossbreeding | mating animals of diverse genetic backgrounds (breeds) within a species
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| EPD | (expected progeny difference); equal to half the breeding value for an animal
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| Epistasis | interaction among genes at different loci; expression of genes at one locus depends on alleles present at one or more other loci
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| Gametes | mature sperm in the male and the egg or ova in the female; the reproductive cells
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| Gene | a short segment of a chromosome; genes direct the synthesis of proteins or perform regulatory functions
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| Genetic engineering | tern used to describe the technologies for moving genes from one animal to another
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| Genome | the complete genetic material of an organism
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| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism
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| Heritability | measure of the proportion of phenotypic variation that is caused by additive gene effects; proportion of differences between individuals that is genetic
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| Heterosis | superiority of an outbred individual relative to the average performance of the parent populations included in the cross
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| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes with the same size and shape, occurring in pairs, and affecting the same traits
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| Homozygous | when two genes of a pair are the same
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| Inbreeding | mating system in which mated individuals have one common ancestor appearing several times at least three to four generations
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| Outbreeding | process of mating less closely related individuals when compared to the average of the population
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| F1 | two-breed cross animals
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| Phenotypic value | measure of individual performance for a specific unit
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| Selection | process of allowing some animals to be parents more than others
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| Breed type | distinctive features (such as form, head, color, and markings) in which one breed differs from another
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| Conformation | physical from of an animal; its shape an arrangement of parts
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| Cull | to eliminate one or more animals from a herd or flock
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| Full(Half) Sibs | animals have the same sire and dam (full), or one parent in common(half)
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| Pedigree | record of the ancestry of an animal
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| Purebred | animal eligible for registry with a recognized breed organization
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| Scrub | a very inferior animal in breeding and conformation; ancestry unknown
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