Plants: Provision for Life- Malia Nelson-A Beka Book- Science Order and Reality
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| Biology | The study of living things
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| Botany | The branch of biology that specializes in plants
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| Botanists | Scientists who study plants
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| Christian Konrad Sprengel | A botanists who was a Christian and recorded many important details about flowers that were not appreciated until after he died. He wanted to give all glory to God for his astounding work.
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| Cross-fertilization | Because flowers cannot fertilize themselves, wind or insects must pollinate them; This is cross-fertilization.
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| Pistil | A vase-shaped structure on a plant that also contains the ovary
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| Stigma | The top of the pistil
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| Style | The curved in middle part of the pistil
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| Ovary | Holds potential seeds
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| Potential seeds | Ovules
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| Stamens | One or more structures that surround the pistil. Consists of an anther.
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| Anther | Rests at the top of a hairlike filament. The function of the anther is to produce pollen grains.
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| Staminate, pistillate | flowers that have only stamens or pistils
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| Petals | Surrounds the pistil and stamens; it's purpose is to attract insects or birds that pollinate the plant.
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| Sepals | Leaf-like structures that surround the petals
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| Bud | The developing flower
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| Receptacle | The enlarged upper portion of the stem
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| Dissect | Cut appart
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| Pollination | The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
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| Fertilization | The formation of a seed by the uniting of a sperm nucleus from a pollen grain with an egg cell.
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| Self-pollination | The flower has such an excess of pollen that the flower usually undergoes this process.
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| Cross-pollination | When pollen is carried from one plant to another by animals or humans
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| Pollen tube | This grows from the pollen's location on the stigma, through the style, and into the ovary after a pollen grain is attached to a stigma on same kind of plant.
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| Sperm nucleus | Divides to form the sperm nuclei.
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| After the sperm nucleus divides to form the sperm nuclei, the sperm nuclei slide through this tube, and one of them unites with the _______ _________. | Egg cell
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| Embryo | A miniature plant
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| The embryo is a miniature plant made up of a _________. | Plumule
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| Radicle | A small root
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| Cotyledons | Structures designed for food absorption and storage
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| Endosperm | Holds stored food
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| Seed coat | Tough outer covering
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| Germination | The early growth of a seed
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| Monocotyledons (Monocots) | Plant's whose seeds have only one cotyledon
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| Dicotyledons (Dicots) | Plants that have two cotyledons
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| Fruit | Anything that forms from the ovary of a flower
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| Dispersal | The scattering or distributing of seeds
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| Mechanical dispersal | Occurs when the ripened fruit bursts open and scatter the seeds some distance from the plant
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| Agent dispersal | Dispersal by animals, wind, or water
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| Germinate | Begin growing
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| Photosynthesis | The food-making process of plants
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| Composite family | Composite means "put together". A composite "flower is actually many small flowers grouped together into a head. (Head is an important word!)
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| Disk flowers | Many closely-packed, tubular disk flowers form the head's center
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| Ray flowers | Showy, peddle-like flowers that surround the center of a flower
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| Pea family | The third largest angiosperm family have flowers that resemble the pea blossom. Members of this family, also called legumes get their name from their seedpods, or legumes, that split along two sides when the seeds are fully developed.
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| Nitrogen cycle | Something Legume plants help to restore to the soil
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| Rose family | A family of plants with white, pink, or rose-colored blossoms. Most plants in the rose family have woody stems, fleshy fruits, and flower parts in multiples of 5. There are more than 3,000 species.
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| Buttercup family | This family usually has flowers with 5 rounded petals (or petal-like sepals ) that form a cup-shaped blossom a few plants of this family have red, white, blue, or purple flowers
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| Honeysuckle family | Honeysuckles have and abundance of beautiful trumpet shaped flowers which may be white, yellow, pink, purple, or bright scarlet. After pollination, these flowers are replaced by red, yellow, black, and white berries.
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| Spikes | Long flower arrangement with clusters attached directly to the stem.
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| Mint family | The stems of mints are square and stout and their flower clusters frequently form spikes.
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| Parsley Family | Members of this family have clusters of small flowers arranged in umbels. Members of the parsley family have compound umbels.
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| Milkweed Family | This family has flowers arranged in umbels every flower has five nectar horns each consisting of a cup like hood and a slender crest a petal hangs downward from each nectar horn.
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| Umbels | This word is from the Latin word umbella from which we get our word umbrella.
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| Amaryllis Family | Contains over 800 species and grow in warm areas or as potted plants in colder climates. The flowers of these plants usually grow on leafless stalks. Over half of the 800 amaryllis species grow from bulbs the rest grow from corms or rhizomes.
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| Bulb | A structure made of layers of thick, fleshy leaves surrounding a very short stem.
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| Corms | Thick, vertical underground stems
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| Rhizomes | Horizontal stems lying along or just under the ground.
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| Almost _____-_____ of flowering plants are dicots. | Three forths
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| Inferior | Attached below the other flower parts. The ovary of an amaryllis is inferior.
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| Superior | Attached above the other flower parts, like the ovaries of lilies and most other flowers.
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| Node | The place where the leaf attaches to the stem
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| Blade | The broad, flat portion of a leaf
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| Sheath | Attaches the culm to the blade
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| Stolon | A creeping stem that grows along the ground
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| Racemes | Inconspicuous flower clusters growing along a main stem in spikes
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| Grains | Fertilized grass flowers
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| Grasses cover ___-_____ of the earth's land area. | One third
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| Three basic leaf shapes | Broad, flat leaves; long, narrow leaves; and needlelike or scalelike leaves
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| The location of the leaves on a plant allows each leaf to have _______ exposure to light. | Maximum
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| Most leaf blades attach to the node by a stalk called a _______. | Petiole
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| What are the four most common leaf arrangements? | Opposite, alternate, whorled, and rosette
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| Sessile | Leaves that have no petioles but instead attach directly to the stem by a sheath.
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| Simple leaves | Leaves that have only one blade attached to a petiole
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| Compound leaf | Has more than one blade joined to a petiole
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| Leaflets | The blades of compound leaves
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| Palmately compound | When a compound leave that has all the leaflets attached at a common point on the petiole's tip
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| Pinnately compound | A compound leaf that has leaflets that attach a intervals along the petiole
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| Leaf margins | The edges of leaves
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| Name three different types of leaf margins. | Toothed, lobed, and entire
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| Entire margins | Margins that are smooth and unbroken
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| Toothed margins | Margins that have small, sharp teeth or large, blunt teeth
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| Producers | Because plants make their own food they are called this.
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| Consumers | Animals and people who eat plants are called this.
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| Chloroplasts | Chemical factories containing chlorophyll
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| Chlorophyll | The green pigment found in plants
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| Chlorophyll absorbs light energy that the plant uses to form the chemical _________ ___________. | Adenosine triphosphate
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| Stomata | Pores on the underside of the leaf
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| Starches | Complex chains of glucose units
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| Cellulose | A carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plant cells
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| Glucose | A plant's simple sugar
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| Resperation | Through a series of complex reactions, respiration combines glucose (or the other compounds made from it) with oxygen to produce energy along with carbon dioxide and water.
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| Unlike ______________ which can only occur during the day respiration occurs all day and night. | Photosynthesis
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| Paper chromatography | A method some scientists use to separate pigment mixtures
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| Taproot systems | In which the primary (main) root grows straight down and remains larger than the secondary roots that branch out from it
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| What three important things do roots do for the plant? | 1. Anchors the plant in the soil
2. Absorbs water and minerals for plant growth
3. Stores food
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| Fibrous root systems | In which the primary root remains small and many slender secondary roots grow from it in all directions
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| Vegetative reproduction | When a plant's roots spreads out to make new plants
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| The tip of a root consists of both an outer and inner of this, made from dead cells and an inner area of new growth cells that form immediately behind this. | Root cap
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| Primary growth | Growth in length
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| Secondary growth | Growth in diameter
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| Root hairs | Develops from the sides of the root and force their way between soil particles to absorb necessary nutrients.
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| Water and dissolved chemicals are absorbed through the cell membranes of the root hairs by the process of _______. | Osmosis
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| Osmosis | The continual movement of water from a solution of higher content through a semipermeable membrane into a solution of lower content
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| Semipermeable membrane | A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through
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| Xylem (opposite of Phloem) | This tissue carries water and nutrient from the root hairs to the leaves where the water is used in photosynthesis or released through to stomata
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| Phloem | This tissue carries sugars from the leaves to the stem and roots to be stored
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| Root preassure | The upward force that results as water enters the roots by osmosis
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| Tranpiartion | Evaporation from the leaves
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| Capillarity (Also known as capillary action) | The tendency of water molecules to move up through a tiny space.
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| Most plants do not store glucose directly instead they do what? | Plants covert excess glucose into starches
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