Chapter 2 Vocabulary
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| the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next | culture
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| the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry | material culture
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| a group's way s of thinking and doing | nonmaterial culture
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| the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life | culture shock
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| the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors | ethnocentrism
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| not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms | cultural relativism
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| another term for nonmaterial culture | symbolic culture
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| something to which people people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others | symbol
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| the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another | gestures
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| a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought | language
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| Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and percieving | Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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| the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful, or ugly | values
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| expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values | norms
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| expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms | sanctions
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| a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize | positive sanction
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| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution | negative sanction
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| norms that are not strictly enforced | folkways
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| norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group | mores
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| a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated | taboo
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| the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world | subculture
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| a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader sulture | counterculture
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| a society made up of many different groups | pluralistic society
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| values that together form a larger whole | value cluster
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| values that contradict on another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other | value contradiction
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| the ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them | ideal culture
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| the norms and values that people actually follow | real culture
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| a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group | cultural universal
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| a framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior | sociobiology
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| in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools | technology
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| the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life | new technology
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| Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations | cultual lage
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| the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another | cultural disffusion
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| the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which the U.S. culture is being exported and disffused into other nations | cultural leveling
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| smaller group (ex. high school students) | sub culture
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| something way outside mainstream (atheists) | counter culture
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Created by:
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