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the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
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Sociology
Chapter 2 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next | culture |
| the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry | material culture |
| a group's way s of thinking and doing | nonmaterial culture |
| the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life | culture shock |
| the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors | ethnocentrism |
| not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms | cultural relativism |
| another term for nonmaterial culture | symbolic culture |
| something to which people people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others | symbol |
| the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another | gestures |
| a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought | language |
| Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and percieving | Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
| the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful, or ugly | values |
| expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values | norms |
| expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms | sanctions |
| a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize | positive sanction |
| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution | negative sanction |
| norms that are not strictly enforced | folkways |
| norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group | mores |
| a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated | taboo |
| the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world | subculture |
| a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader sulture | counterculture |
| a society made up of many different groups | pluralistic society |
| values that together form a larger whole | value cluster |
| values that contradict on another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other | value contradiction |
| the ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them | ideal culture |
| the norms and values that people actually follow | real culture |
| a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group | cultural universal |
| a framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior | sociobiology |
| in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools | technology |
| the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life | new technology |
| Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations | cultual lage |
| the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another | cultural disffusion |
| the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which the U.S. culture is being exported and disffused into other nations | cultural leveling |
| smaller group (ex. high school students) | sub culture |
| something way outside mainstream (atheists) | counter culture |
Created by:
laurenpole