Stack #165858
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| Light Microscopes | earliest microscope where visual light passes thru the specimen and thru a glas lense which bend the light so that the image is magnified
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| resolving power | measure of the clarity of the image
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| organelles | subcellular particles to small to be seen unless under the electron microscope
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| electron microscope | focuses a beam of electrons thru the specimen
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| cell ultrastructure | cell's anatomy as resolved by an electron microscope
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| transmission electron microscope | aims electron beam thru thin section of specimen , uses electromagnets as lenses
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| scanning electron microscope | surface of specimen, scans surface of specimen which is coated in gold, creates 3-d images
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| cell fractionation | take cells apart, separate major organelles so that their individual functions can be studied
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| ultracentrifuge | merry go round! 80,000 revolutions per minute, used to fractionate cells
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| prokaryotic cell | no nucleus
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| nucleoid | genetic material of prokaryotic cell stored here
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| Eurkaryotic cell | has a true nucleus enclosed by a membranous nuclear envelope
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| cytoplasm | area between the nucleus and the membrane bounding cell
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| cytosol | semifluid medium making up the cytoplasm, location of organlelles of specialized form and function
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| plasma membrane | barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
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| nucleus | contains most of the genes that controls the eukary. cell, enclosed by a nuclear envelope which is a double membrane, controls the RNA
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| nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus, what the envelope is lined with
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| chromatin | material inwhich DNA and proteins are organized
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| chromosomes | a threadlike gene carrying structure found in the nucleus, consists of one long DNA molecule and associated proteins
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| nucleolus | components of ribosomes are synthesized and assembled
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| Ribosomes | where the cell makes its proteins
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| Endomembrane System | the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
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| Endplasmic Reticulm | a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, separates its internal compartment, the cisternal spac from the cytosol
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| Smooth ER | lacks ribosomes, synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons
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| Rough ER | appears rough under electron microscope due to ribosomes, secretes proteins and makes membranes
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| glycoproteins | most secretoy proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates
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| transport vesciles | transit from one part of the cell to another
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| Golgi Apparatus | an organelle in eukary. cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify , store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum
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| Lysosomes | membrane bounded sacof hydrolytic enzymes that the cell usues to digest macromolecules
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| phagocytosis | the process of protists like amoeba engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles
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| food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis
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| contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell
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| tonoplast | encloses the contractile vacuoles, part of endomembrane system
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| plant cell vacuole | stores organic compounds, receptacle of inorganic ions, protect plant by containing poison, pigment colors
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| Mitochondria | the sites of cellular respiration, the catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen
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| Chloroplasts | found only in plants and eukaryotic algae, site of photosynthesis, contains some DNA, contain the green pigment chlorophyll, has 2 membranes (one out and one in)
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| cristae | the inner membrane of mitochondria is twisted with innerfoldings called this, gives it large surface area that enhances productivity of cellular respiration
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| mitochondrial matrix | second compartment of mitochondria that is enclosed by the inner membrane, some metabolic steps of cellular respiration occur here
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| plastids | a family closely related to chloroplasts and other plant organelles
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| thylakoids | flattened sacs inside the membranous system inside the chloroplast
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| grana | structure formed by thylakoids
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| stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids
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| peroxisome | specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a singel membrane
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| cytoskeleton | a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, plays a major role in organizing the structures and activites of the cell
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| cell motility | changes in cell location and more limited movements of parts of the cell
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| microtubules | thickest,maintenance of cell shape (compression resisting "girders"), cell motility (as in cilia or flagella), chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements
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| microfilaments | thinnest,maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements) changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility (as in pseudopodia), cell division (cleavage furrow formation)
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| intermediate filaments | inbetween,maintenance of cell shape(tension bearing elements)anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles formation of nuclear lamina
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| centrosome | where microtubules grow out from near the nucleus,contains a pair of centrioles
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| centrioles | composed of nine sets of triplet microtuules arranged in a ring, replicate thru division, exsistance lacking in most plants
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| flagella | locomotive apendage, longer than cilia, usually limited in number per cell, movement generates force in same direction as axis
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| cilia | locomotive apendage, occur in large numbers on the cell surface, work like oars
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| basal body | the anchor in the cell during the assembly of cilia and flagella, structurally identical to centriole
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| dynein | large protein that makes up the arms extending from each microtubule doublet which make the cilia and flagella move in bending movements, does this by change in shape in the protein and ATP
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| actin | globular protein, make up microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells, links into chains two of which twist helically about each other
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| myosin | a type of protein fillament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contractions
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| pseudopodia | cellular extensions, extend and contract thru reversible assembly of actin subunits into microfilaments-->networks to convert cytoplasm--> gel
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| cytoplasmic streaming | circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
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| cell wall | a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In the case of plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fiers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix
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| primary cell wall | thin and flexible
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| secondary cell wall | stronger and more rigid
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| middle lamella | thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins
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| extracellular matrix | the substance inwhich animal tissue cells are embedded; consists of proteins and polysaccharides
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| collagen | a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in tissue and bone, the most abundant protein
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| proteoglycans | a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of an animal cell, rich in carbohydrates
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| fibronectins | bind receptor proteins called intergrins that are built into the plasma membrane
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| intergrins | receptor proteins, span the membrane
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| plasmodesmata | cell walls perforated with these channels
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| tight junctions | a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells
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| desmosomes | junctions which act like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets.
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| gap junctions | connections which provide channels between adjacent cells
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