Definitions for Apologia Biology - Module #13 (2nd Edition)
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| vertebrae | segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone
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| notochord | a rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support
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| endoskeleton | a skeleton on the inside of a creature's body, typically composed of bone or cartilage
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| bone marrow | a soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
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| axial skeleton | the portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk
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| appendicular skeleton | the portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it
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| closed circulatory system | a circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
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| arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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| capillaries | tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body
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| veins | blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
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| olfactory lobes | the lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose
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| cerebrum | the lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature's response to that information
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| optic lobes | the lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes
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| cerebellum | the lobe that controls involuntary actions and refines muscle movement
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| medulla oblongata | the lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transport signals from the brain to the spinal cord
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| internal fertilization | the process by which the male places sperm inside the female's body, where the eggs are fertilized
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| external fertilization | the process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female
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| oviparous development | development that occurs in an eggs that is hatched outside the female's body
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| ovoviviparous development | development that occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female's body
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| anadromous | a life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce
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| bile | a mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat
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| atrium | a heart chamber that receives blood
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| ventricle | a heart chamber from which blood is pumped out
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| ectothermic | lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat
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| hibernation | a state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures
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