Chapte_06
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| skeletal system | the bodily system that consists of the bones and joints
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| bone | the substance that forms the skeleton of the body and provides structure and support
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| bone remodeling | the constant process of the buildup and breakdown of bones
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| osteoclast | a cell that breaks down bone tissue and releases calcium into the bloodstream
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| osteoblast | a cell that takes calcium from the blood to build bone tissue
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| bone density | the amount of bone tissue in a certain volume of bone (see also bone mineral density (BMD))
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| articulation | the joints between bones which are necessary for fluid and efficient movement
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| joints | the area where two bones are attached for the purpose of motion of body parts
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| cartilage | a firm, rubbery connective tissue that is found in the joints, respiratory passages, and the ear
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| synovial membrane | a layer of connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid and lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae
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| synovial fluid | a lubricating fluid found in joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae
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| osteoporosis | a reduction in bone density that results in weakened bones and fractures
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| hip fracture | the break or rupture of a hip bone
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| bone mineral density (BMD) | a measure of bone density (see also bone density)
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| T-score | astatistical measure of bone mineral density that can be used to predict risk of fracture
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| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | a therapy using estrogen to treat menopausal symptoms and sometime osteoporosis
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| bisphosphonates | a class of drugs that prevents bone breakdown so that stronger bones are maintained
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| selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) | a class of drugs that work as estrogen receptors by mimicking the beneficial effects of estrogen on bone mineral density
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| parathyroid hormone | a hormone that regulates the calcium–phosphate balance and stimulates new bone growth
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| calcium | a mineral stored in bones
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| vitamin D | a vitamin that is important in calcium metabolism
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| osteopenia | a condition of reduced bone density and bone weakening
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| elemental calcium | dissociated calcium ions
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| arthritis | a common disorder caused by inflammation of the joint
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| osteoarthritis (OA) | a common type of arthritis that occurs when the cartilage that normally coats the ends of bones inside joints erodes, resulting in painful rubbing
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | a type of arthritis in which the immune system destroys the synovial membrane and produces inflammation within the joint itself
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| gouty arthritis | a type of arthritis in which excessive uric acid accumulates in the blood causing urate crystals to form in the synovial fluid and irritate joints
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | a class of drugs that block pain by inhibiting cyclooxygenase I (COX-1) and II (COX-2)
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| prostaglandins | a hormone-like substance that is produced in response to various stimuli; produces pain in most of the body but is protective in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract
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| cyclooxygenase I (COX-1) | an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins through out the body
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| cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) | an enzyme that promotes production of the prostaglandins that cause pain and inflammation but not those that protect the GI lining
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| cyclooxygenase-II (COX-2) inhibitors | a class of drugs that block the COX-2 enzyme thereby reducing prostaglandin production in the perifery but not in the gastrointestial tract
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| disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) | a class of drugs used to improve functional status by slowing the disease progression of rhuematic disease
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| acute gout attack | brief and severe attacks of gouty arthritis
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| chronic gout prophylaxis | a long duration or frequent attacks of gouty arthritis
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| glucosamine | a remedy used by some to improve pain and stiffness from osteoarthritis
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| chondroitin | a remedy taken by some in combination with glucosamine for hip and knee osteoarthritis
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| bone homeostasis | a continual process that grows and repairs bone
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| joint function | joints allow movement
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| estrogen | a steroid compound that functions as the primary female sex hormone
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| appendicular bones | a type of bone found in the extremities
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| axial bones | a type of bone that includes the skull, spine, and thorax (ribs)
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| hinge movement | a joint that permits motion only in one plane, forward and backward
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| ball-and-socket movement | a joint that permits motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center
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| pivot movement | a joint where movement is limited to rotation
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| osteonecrosis | bone tissue death
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | a laboratory test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis and a variety of other conditions
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| rheumatoid factor (RF) | a laboratory test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases/conditions
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| biological response modifiers | substances (or drugs) that stimulate the body's response to infection and disease
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