Chapter_10
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| muscular system | the bodily system responsible for movement, posture, and (to a great extent) body heat
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| skeletal muscle | muscles connected to bones and joints by tendons and provide voluntary movement, such as walking, clapping, and chewing
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| cardiac muscle | muscles found in the heart
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| smooth muscle | muscles found in the intestines and blood vessel walls
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| striation | the apparent stripes on muscle tissue formed by intracellular structures
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| peristalsis | a kind of movement that pushes material through tubes
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| neuromuscular junction | the point where nerve cells interface with muscle cells to initiate muscle contraction
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| acetylcholine (ACh) | a neurotransmitter that is released from the nerve cell, travels across the synaptic cleft, and stimulates muscle cell receptors to cause membrane depolarization
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| depolarization | changes the balance of positive and negative electrical charges along the membrane surface and opens channels
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| sodium influx | the inflow or entry of sodium
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| intracellular calcium | calcium contained inside cell that stimulate muscle fiber contraction when released; release of it is caused by sodium influx
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| muscle fiber | fibers that contract and shorten the muscle
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| acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine
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| intramuscular injection (IM) | the injection of a substance directly into the muscle
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| deltoid | upper arm muscle; common place for injectible drug administration
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| gluteus medius | buttocks muscle; common place injectible drug administration
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| musculoskeletal system | the system of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form
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| muscle injury | damage or harm to the muscle
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| spasm | an involuntary contraction of muscle fibers
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| spasticity | a condition where the muscles become rigid and difficult to control for coordinated movement
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| central nervous system (CNS) depressants | a class of drugs that block or slow signals in the brain coming from the peripheral nervous system; may be used for muscle relaxation
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| centrally acting muscle relaxants | a class of drugs used to treat muscle spasms related to acute injury by acting in the central nervous system
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| tolerance | a process whereby the body becomes less sensitive to the effects of a drug over time
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| dependence | a condition where the body has gotten used to drug effect, many drugs have this effect; undesirable effects occur upon withdrawl of the drug making stopping therapy difficult; facilitates further use and abuse
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| hyperhidrosis | excess sweating
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| cosmetic treatment | a procedure to modify or improve the appearance of a physical feature, irregularity, or defect
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| direct acting muscle relaxants | a class of drugs that work by blocking the intracellular release of calcium and weakening muscle contractility
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| neuromuscular blockers | agents that cause temporary paralysis
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| rhabdomyolysis | a syndrome where muscle breakdown occurs and toxic cell contents are released into the bloodstream
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| fibromyalgia | a chronic muscle pain condition characterized by musculoskeletal pain in the neck, back, shoulders, chest, arms, and legs that are particuarly sensitive to pressure points on the body; patients also experience fatigue, dizziness and mood changes
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| myasthenia gravis | an autoimmune process that attacks and destroys acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells in the neuromuscular junction
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| poliomyelitis (polio) | an infection of the nerves that control the muscular system
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| muscular dystrophy | a group of genetically acquired conditions causing muscle atrophy (shrinking) and wasting
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| spinal realignment | a chiropractic procedure moving a joint beyond its usual range of motion but not beyond the range of motion the joint is designed to move
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| chiropractic therapy | a therapy that consists of adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column and extremities
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