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Chapter_10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| muscular system | the bodily system responsible for movement, posture, and (to a great extent) body heat |
| skeletal muscle | muscles connected to bones and joints by tendons and provide voluntary movement, such as walking, clapping, and chewing |
| cardiac muscle | muscles found in the heart |
| smooth muscle | muscles found in the intestines and blood vessel walls |
| striation | the apparent stripes on muscle tissue formed by intracellular structures |
| peristalsis | a kind of movement that pushes material through tubes |
| neuromuscular junction | the point where nerve cells interface with muscle cells to initiate muscle contraction |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | a neurotransmitter that is released from the nerve cell, travels across the synaptic cleft, and stimulates muscle cell receptors to cause membrane depolarization |
| depolarization | changes the balance of positive and negative electrical charges along the membrane surface and opens channels |
| sodium influx | the inflow or entry of sodium |
| intracellular calcium | calcium contained inside cell that stimulate muscle fiber contraction when released; release of it is caused by sodium influx |
| muscle fiber | fibers that contract and shorten the muscle |
| acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine |
| intramuscular injection (IM) | the injection of a substance directly into the muscle |
| deltoid | upper arm muscle; common place for injectible drug administration |
| gluteus medius | buttocks muscle; common place injectible drug administration |
| musculoskeletal system | the system of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form |
| muscle injury | damage or harm to the muscle |
| spasm | an involuntary contraction of muscle fibers |
| spasticity | a condition where the muscles become rigid and difficult to control for coordinated movement |
| central nervous system (CNS) depressants | a class of drugs that block or slow signals in the brain coming from the peripheral nervous system; may be used for muscle relaxation |
| centrally acting muscle relaxants | a class of drugs used to treat muscle spasms related to acute injury by acting in the central nervous system |
| tolerance | a process whereby the body becomes less sensitive to the effects of a drug over time |
| dependence | a condition where the body has gotten used to drug effect, many drugs have this effect; undesirable effects occur upon withdrawl of the drug making stopping therapy difficult; facilitates further use and abuse |
| hyperhidrosis | excess sweating |
| cosmetic treatment | a procedure to modify or improve the appearance of a physical feature, irregularity, or defect |
| direct acting muscle relaxants | a class of drugs that work by blocking the intracellular release of calcium and weakening muscle contractility |
| neuromuscular blockers | agents that cause temporary paralysis |
| rhabdomyolysis | a syndrome where muscle breakdown occurs and toxic cell contents are released into the bloodstream |
| fibromyalgia | a chronic muscle pain condition characterized by musculoskeletal pain in the neck, back, shoulders, chest, arms, and legs that are particuarly sensitive to pressure points on the body; patients also experience fatigue, dizziness and mood changes |
| myasthenia gravis | an autoimmune process that attacks and destroys acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells in the neuromuscular junction |
| poliomyelitis (polio) | an infection of the nerves that control the muscular system |
| muscular dystrophy | a group of genetically acquired conditions causing muscle atrophy (shrinking) and wasting |
| spinal realignment | a chiropractic procedure moving a joint beyond its usual range of motion but not beyond the range of motion the joint is designed to move |
| chiropractic therapy | a therapy that consists of adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column and extremities |
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