Chapter_14
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| respiratory system | the system in which oxygen is taken into the body and an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
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| upper respiratory tract | a region of the respiratory tract that includes the nasal passages, sinuses, and the throat area
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| epiglottis | a flap of tissue that covers the tracheal opening to the lungs when you swallow
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| larynx | a part of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cord; commonly known as the voice box
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| lower respiratory tract | a region of the respiratory tract that includes the bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli
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| bronchi | the two main air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs
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| bronchioles | tiny tubes that are an extension of the bronchi in the lungs
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| lungs | a pair of breathing organs which bring oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide from the blood
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| alveoli | small air sacs in the lungs
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| gas exchange | a function of the lungs that brings oxygen into the blood and releases carbon dioxide
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| asthma | a hyper-reactive inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, and chest tightness
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| chronic | a condition that is not curable; managed long-term
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| asthma attack | acute difficulty breathing caused by hyperreactivity of the airways and bronchospasm
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| bronchospasm | a contraction of the bronchi and bonchioles
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| pulmonary function test | test performed by breathing into a machine that measures air flow and lung function; used for diagnosis of asthma and COPD
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| peak flow meter | a portable device that measures the strength of airflow exiting the lungs
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| rescue inhaler | a device containing drugs which open up the airways by relaxing the muscles in the airway walls
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| long-term anti-inflammatory agents (inhaled corticosteroids) | a drug class used to treat the inflammation of the lung airways; administered by inhaling into the lungs
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| bronchoconstriction | the narrowing of the airways that occurs in an asthma attack
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| metered dose inhaler (MDI) | a device used most often to deliver inhaled drug therapy; delivers an exact dose each use
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| spacer | an inhaler attachment that suspends the medication mist in the air for a few seconds, allowing patients more time to breathe in and activate the inhaler
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| dry powder inhaler | an inhaler that contains drug in dry powder form; used by inhaling through the mouth which pulls drug into their lungs
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| nebulizer machine | a device that sends a stream of air through a drug solution, creating a fine mist that patients inhale by breathing normally through a mask for 10–15 minutes
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| short-acting beta agonists | a class of drugs that work by stimulating beta-2 receptors in the lungs and by producing smooth muscle relaxation in the bronchioles, which open airways; used via inhalation for short-term relief of breathing symptoms related to asthma
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| corticosteroids | a class of drugs based on hormones formed in the adrenal gland, used to reduce inflammation
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| leukotriene inhibitors | a class of drugs used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis by blocking the formation or activity of leukotrienes
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| leukotriene | inflammation mediator that causes mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction
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| mast cell stabilizers | a class of drugs usually administered by inhalation to prevent allergy cells called mast cells from breaking open and releasing chemicals that help cause inflammation
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| xanthine agents | drugs that are direct bronchodilators and are used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | a chronic and progressive condition in which airflow is limited by an abnormal inflammatory response
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| chronic bronchitis | a persistent cough that produces sputum lasting at least 3 months out of the year for at least 2 consecutive years
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| emphysema | a condition that causes labored, fast breathing because alveolar walls are damaged or destroyed, causing enlargement of the air spaces deep within the lungs
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| anticholinergic agents | "a class of drugs that work by inhibiting acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter
that stimulates smooth muscle in the lungs to constrict; used to treat symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
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| bronchodilation | expansion of the bronchial passages
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| priming | holding an inhaler away from the body and pushing the canister against the mouthpiece so the medicine sprays into the air to be sure the full dose is delivered
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| long-acting beta agonists | a class of drugs that work by stimulating beta-2 receptors in the lungs and by producing smooth muscle relaxation in the bronchioles, which open airways; used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
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| pneumonia | a lower respiratory tract infection caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens
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| nosocomial pneumonia | pneumonia contracted while hospitalized or living in a long-term care facility
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| community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) | pneumonia contracted from exposure outside of an inpatient facility
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| tuberculosis (TB) | an infectious disease caused by a mycobacterium that infects the lungs
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| PPD skin test | an annual skin test to test for exposure to tuberculosis
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| induration | hardening, swelling, or redness of soft tissue in the body
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| empirical therapy | a therapy that is applied based on common knowledge of the pathogens typically causing certain types of infection
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| drug-resistant TB | strains of tuberculosis that current drugs cannot eradicate
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| cystic fibrosis (CF) | a genetic disease that affects exocrine glands and their ability to transport chloride across cell membranes
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| percussion | a tapping, pounding movement performed on the back and chest to break up and help expectorate mucus from the lungs
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| pancreatic enzyme supplement | supplements that help prevent ductal obstructions and steatorrhea (fatty, foul-smelling diarrhea caused by fatty foods not being absorbed)
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| lipase | a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats
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| protease | a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins
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| amylase | a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down starches
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| smoking cessation | quitting tobacco use
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| nicotine blocker | a drug class that blocks nicotine receptors
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| nicotine supplement | an agent used to supply nicotine in controlled amounts (reduced slowly over time), thereby reducing many withdrawal symptoms
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| echinacea | an herb used for the common cold that is supposed to increase phagocytosis, the process by which immune system cells “eat up” foreign cells such as bacteria and also enhances lymphocyte activity
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| zinc | a mineral that is a cofactor in many biological processes in the body, including protein synthesis; it also boost the immune function
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