Chapte_05
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| integumentary system | an organ system, including skin, nails, and hair, that protects the body from exposure to harmful pathogens and harsh substances as well as helping to regulate body temperature
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| skin | outer covering on the body that protects it from harmful pathogens and substances; the largest body organ (see also integumentary system)
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| epidermis | the outermost layer of the skin which is made up of dead and dried cells generated from the dermis
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| dermis | the living, functioning layer of skin where hair follicles and nail beds form, arteries and veins circulate blood, and nerves provide sensation
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| hair follicle | hair follicle
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| nail bed | the layer of cells at the base of a fingernail or toenail
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| melanocyte | a pigment-producing cell in the skin, hair, and eyes
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| sweat gland | small, tubular structures found within and under the skin that produce watery secretions, including pheromones and other odorous material
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| sebaceous gland | glands that secrete oil for hair and skin lubrication
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| ceruminous gland | glands found in the ear canal that release waxy material
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| subcutaneous tissue | the innermost layer of the skin that connects the dermis to underlying organs and tissues
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| natural skin aging | a process that involves the loss of collagen and elastin causing fine lines, wrinkles, dryness, and sagging of the skin
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| collagen | the main protein of skin, tendons, cartilage, bone, and connective tissue
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| elastin | an elastic protein that functions in the connective tissue
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| intrinsic aging | the natural process of chronological aging of the skin
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| extrinsic aging | the process of skin aging due to external factors such as sun exposure, air pollutants, smoking, and skin irritation
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| lesions | injuries to the skin caused by external factors, genetic predisposition, or a combination of the two
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| actinic keratosis | a precancerous condition characterized by a small, rough spot occurring on skin that has been chronically exposed to the sun
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| squamous cell carcinoma | a type of cancer found on the surface of the skin
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| basal cell carcinoma | a common type of skin cancer in which the cancer cells resemble the basal cells of the epidermis
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| melanoma | a fast-growing skin cancer affecting the melanocytes, a pigment-producing cell
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| “ABCDs” | a guide to the signs of skin cancer; A is for asymmetry; B is for border irregularity; C is for color variation; D is for diameter
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| sun exposure | the exposure to radiation from the sun
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| ultraviolet radiation | invisible radiation produced by the sun that causes skin damage
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| sunscreen | products applied to the skin to limit skin expopsure to ultraviolet radiation
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| sun block | products applied to the skin to completely occlude ultraviolet light from reaching the dermis
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| Sun Protection Factor (SPF) | the estimated amount of resistance to burning that a product provides
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| acne | a skin condition where pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads appear due to the overproduction of sebum
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| sebum | an oily secretion produced from glands around hair follicles
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| pimple | a small, inflamed elevation of the skin
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| blackhead | a hair follicle filled with bacteria and sebum capped with a blackened mass of skin debris
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| whitehead | a tiny epidermal cyst-like mass with a narrow or obstructed opening on the skin surface
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| nodular acne | a severe form of acne causing deep cysts that permanently damage the dermis layer of the skin (see also acne vulgaris)
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| acne vulgaris | a severe form of acne causing deep cysts that permanently damage the dermis layer of the skin(see also nodular acne)
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| rosacea | a chronic inflammatory disorder seen in adults characterized by redness, visible surface blood vessels, and raised bumps or pustules on the face and cheeks
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| dandruff | a malfunction of the oil-producing glands around hair follicles on the scalp causing layers of the epidermis to flake off
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| topical acne agent | products applied on the skin to control mild acne; may be used in combination with oral agents
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| benzoyl peroxide | a bleaching agent used for the treatment of acne that promotes cell turnover in follicles
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| salicylic acid | a topical keratolytic agent used to treat acne
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| keratolytic | an agent that breaks down and peels off dead skin cells, preventing them from clogging pores
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| retinoids | a vitamin A derivative that is needed for vision, growth, bone formation, reproduction, immune system function, and skin health; a class of drugs used for acne and reducing signs of intrinsic aging of the skin
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| iPLEDGE | a special distribution program approved by the U.S. FDA intended to prevent the use of isotretinoin during pregnancy due to the high risk of birth defects
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| selenium sulfide | an active ingredient used most in dandruff products
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| pyrithione zinc | an active ingredient used most in dandruff products
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| coal tar | a messy and odorous substance used in dandruff products
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| dermatophyte | a fungus that causes skin infections
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| tinea | a dermatophyte that causes ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch
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| ringworm | a fungal infection on the surface of the skin
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| athlete’s foot | a fungal infection that affects the feet; related to ring worm
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| jock itch | a fungal infection of skin in the groin area that cause an itchy rash
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| herpes simplex virus type 1 | a herpes virus that causes cold sores
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| herpes zoster | a herpes virus that causes shingles and chickenpox
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| shingles | an inflammation and reemergence of a systemic viral infection that affects nerve pathways near the skin and manifests as painful skin lesions
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| genital herpes | a sexually transmitted disease that manifests in chancre sores on the skin
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| human papilloma virus (HPV) | a virus that causes genital warts and has been linked to cervical cancer in women
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| impetigo | a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus
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| topical antibiotics | medicines applied to the skin to kill or stop the growth of bacteria in cuts or scrapes, impetigo, and diaper rash
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| lice | parasitic insects that use the human body as a host
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| head lice | parasitic insects passed from person to person through direct contact or by sharing hats, hairbrushes/combs, clothing, or sometimes bedding
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| pubic lice | parasitic insects passed only through sexual contact
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| scabies | insects that burrow into the epidermal layer of the skin and feed on cellular material
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| pediculicide | a drug used to kill lice
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| scabicides | a drug used to kill scabies
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| lindane | the lotion form of the drug is used to kill scabies; shampoo form is used for lice
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| pyrethrin | a drug used to kill head lice
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| permethrin | a drug used to treat either lice or scabies
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| hair loss | the thinning and loss of hair
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| androgenic alopecia | a common type of hair loss where the hair follicles shrink in size and produce finer hair; male pattern baldness
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| alopecia areata | a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting hair follicles and may cause areas of complete hair loss
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| dermatitis | an itchy, inflamed skin condition that can be caused by a variety of factors
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| pruritic | itching
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| contact dermatitis | an itchy, inflamed skin condition due to exposure to irritants or allergenic substances
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| seborrheic dermatitis | an inflamed skin condition characterized by a greasy, scaly area on the skin that is sometimes colored red, brown, or yellow (see also cradle cap)
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| cradle cap | an inflamed skin condition characterized by a greasy, scaly area on the skin that is sometimes colored red, brown, or yellow (see also seborrheic dermatitis)
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| atopic dermatitis | a chronic skin condition that causes dry, flaky, red skin that is very itchy (see also eczema)
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| eczema | a chronic skin condition that causes dry, flaky, red skin that is very itchy (see also atopic dermatitis)
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| psoriasis | an immunologic condition affecting T cell activity in the skin
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| diaper rash | a skin irritation that occurs when skin remains wet for long periods of time and tissue breakdown allows bacteria on the surface to gain entry to deeper tissues
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| calamine | a lotion used to treat mild itching from insect bites, rashes, hives, poison ivy or oak, and other allergic reactions
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| topical corticosteroids | anti-inflammatory drugs applied to the skin that work by inhibiting redness, swelling, itching, and pain in the dermal layer of the skin
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| hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA) suppression | appetite changes, weight gain, fat redistribution, fluid retention, and insomnia often caused by systemic absorption of corticosteroids that suppress normal feedback mechanisms of the pituitary and hypothalmus
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| calcineurin inhibitors | a class of immunomodulator drugs that work by inhibiting T cell activation, which prevents release of chemical mediators that promote inflammation
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| vitamin D analog | a compound that has a similar structure and chemical make-up of vitamin D; regulates skin cell growth and developmet; used for psoriasis
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| wound | a break in body tissue due to external factors
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| decubitus ulcer | severe wounds that involve tissue damage through the epidermis and dermis layers (see also pressure sores)
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| pressure sore | severe wound caused by friction or constant pressure that involves tissue damage through the epidermis and dermis layers (see also decubitus ulcer)
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| bedsore | ulcers caused by constant pressure applied to an area of skin (see pressure sore), usually from lying down in one position for a long time
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| debridement | the cleaning of a wound and removal of necrotic (dead) tissue
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| regranulation | the process of building new skin layers over a wound area
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| burn | wounds caused by heat and thermal injury or by electrical and chemical sources
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| photosensitivity | an excessive response to solar exposure, wherein skin easily burns after a short time in the sun
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| drug allergy | the hypersensitive response of the immune system to a medication
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| urticaria (hives) | an allergic skin reaction that producse red, itchy, raised areas of skin that appear in varying shapes and sizes
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| anaphylaxis | a severe and potentially fatal allergic reaction to drug therapy, causing airway swelling and affecting one’s ability to breathe
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| Stevens-Johnson syndrome | a potentially life-threatening skin reaction which begins as a rash and, if not treated, can cause a condition in which layers of skin slough off, exposing vulnerable tissues beneath; side effect of some drugs
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| heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) | an allergic reaction to the anticoagulant heparin which causes a drop in platelet count in the blood, but first manifests as a rash on the trunk and/or upper legs
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| lanolin | a wool grease added as a moisturizer to creams and lotions
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| cocoa butter | a vegetable fat made from cocoa beans added as a moisturizer to creams and lotions
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| vegetable/seed oils | an oil added as a moisturizer to creams and lotions
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| vitamin E | an antioxidant that protects cells against the effects of free radicals; has been used for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetic neuropathy
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| vitamin A | a fat-soluble vitamin that helps promote and maintain healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucous membranes, skin, and good vision
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| vitamin D | a vitamin that is important in calcium metabolism and is sometimes added to moisturizers to promote skin health and healing
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| aloe vera | an active compound that has several proven healing and anti-inflammatory properties; used for healing burns and minor wounds
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| stratum corneum | the outermost layer of the epidermis
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| stratum spinosum | the outermost layer of the epidermis characterized by the presence of prickle cells
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| stratum germinativum | the deepest layer of the epidermis
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| fascia | a band of tissue below the skin; made of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles
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| adipose tissue | fat cells located below the skin
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| ultraviolet radiation type A | invisible radiation produced by the sun that produces tanning, but can burn with prolonged exposure
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| ultraviolet radiation type B | invisible radiation produced by the sun that can lead to burning
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| “rule of 9s” | the process of dividing the surface area of the burned skin by dividing the body into major sections, each representing approximately 9% of total surface area
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| first-degree burn | a superficial burn resulting in damage of the surface epidermal layers, causing redness and possibly peeling, but no blisters
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| second-degree burn | a burn resulting in damage of the epidermis and dermis skin layers, causing redness, blisters, swelling, pain, and possible scarring
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| third-degree burn | a burn resulting in destruction of epidermis and dermis layers, with possible damage to tissue underneath; permanent scarring is problematic and sensory nerve endings are typically damaged or destroyed
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