Unit 2 - Integumentry, Cardiac & Muscoloskeletal
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| Functions of the integumentary system (5) | protection, impermeability, heat regulation, sensation & vitamin D production
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| Impetigo def | superficial skin infection; appears on face, hands, neck or extremity
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| Impetigo cause, tx, complications | bacterial-staph/ strep, highly contagious until lesions heal, lesions progress from red macule -pustule-honey colored crusts, pruritis; tx - antibiotics, soaks, good handwashing & contact precautions, complications - glomerulonephritis & rheumatic fever
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| Ringworm (tinea) def and categories (4) | def - caused by fungus & transmitted person to person or from animals; tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis
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| tinea capitis & tx | scalp - scaly patches, alopecia, pruritis; treated with oral and/or topical antifungal
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| tinea corporis & tx | round or oval scaling ring w/clearing in center, pruritis; tx - oral & topical antifungal
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| tinea cruris (jock itch) | similar to corporis but localizes in medical and proximal aspects of thigh and groin - rare
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| tinea pedis & tx | scaly patches w/ pin sized vesicles on soles of feet or cracking/scaling of skin between toes, pruritis common; tx - antifungal powders and creams
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| Miliaria Rubra (prickly heat) def & tx | sweat glands block d/t high temps & humidity; sweat escapes to surrounding tissue causing itching (prickly feeling), tiny papules surrounded by erythema in skin folds on chest & neck; tx - caution parents not to overdress child, bath clear h2O & mild soap
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| infantile eczema/atopic dermatitis cause (4) | unknown cause but thought to be allergic response. Hereditary, hypersensitivity of deeper skin layers to protein or protein-like allergens. Specific allergens which may be ingested, inhaled or direct contact
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| infantile eczema/atopic dermatitis sx | cheeks are where usually 1st seen but may spread to forehead, scalp, neck, trunk, arms & legs; starts as reddened areas followed by papule & vesicle formation; open areas prone to infection
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| infantile eczema/atopic dermatitis dx | start with elimination of foods, etc to try to determine cause
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| infantile eczema/atopic dermatitis tx (4) | hydrate slain - use lotions, calamine, aveeno; relieve pruritis - benadryl, decrease inflammation - use claritin; prevent/control infection - antibiotics, hydrocortizone
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| Pediculosis capitis (lice) def | def - infestation of scalp by parasite
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| Congenital Talipes Equinovarus def | aka club foot; can affect one or both feet; foot inverted, heel drawn up, front of food adducted - inward; maybe d/t positioning in utero or maybe fixed deformity - bone abnormality - need surgery to correct
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| Congenital Talipes Equinovarus dx, tx, ni | dx - ultrasound, xray - usually one foot is smaller/shorter than the other; tx - cast application - up to mid-thigh;changed frequently, possibly orthopedic shoes or Denis Browne splint, surgery to release tendons; NI - cast care
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| Congenital Hip Dysplasia def | aka DDP, malformation of acetabulum so femoral head can dislocate
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| Congenital Hip Dysplasia sx, tx | shortening of femur, uneven thigh and gluteal folds, limited abduction of hip along w/ "click", more common in females than males, if dx & treated before 2 months more success; tx - keep hip abducted position, braces, pavolic harness, possibly surgery
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| Congenital Hip Dysplasia NI | teach parents how to triple diaper, observe pts hips, tell parents baby has to be in harnass all the time; hip spica - watch breathing and vomitting because to tight
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| muscular dystrophy def | group of inherited diseases that causes muscle degeneration & wasting. d/t absense of dystrophin - protein involved in maintaining muscle integrity; most common form - Duchenne dystrophy; genetic sex linked carried by mother & given to son
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| muscular dystrophy sx | 1st 3-4 years of life; difficulty standing & walking; trunk muscle weakness develops, tripping, falling, waddling gait, lordosis, gowers manuever used to get to upright position, maybe mental impairment, 10-20 yrs w/c - death from respiratory paralysis
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| muscular dystrophy dx, tx | dx - observation serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels - muscle biopsy; tx - no cure - keep child as active as possible, PT brace, w/c prn, respiratory & cardiac probs b/c focus near end
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| muscular dystrophy NI | prevent complications, keep independent, family support, educate, PT, OT
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| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis def and 3 types | def - chronic autoimmune disorder - most common CT disease in children; onset 1-3 or 8-12; 70% will go into remission by adult hood. 3 types - systemic - most involved; pauciarticular - 4 or fewer joints; polyarticular - 5 or more joints
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| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis sx | joint inflammation and pain; can result from irreversible changes in joint cartilage, ligaments and mensicus; systemic sx include fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
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| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis dx, tx | dx - lab tests; tx - pain relief - NSAIDS, ASA, steroids, immunosuppressants, PT, hydrotherapy, splints to immobolize joints for pain relief, moist heat;
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| potential complications for Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis | joint deformity requiring replacement, chronic & acute uveitis - inflammation of structures including iris, ciliary body & choroid - can lead to vision loss
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| Scoliosis def including structural & functional classifications | def - lateral curvature of spine with rotation of spin * ribs; functional - d/t posture, muscle spasms or unequal leg length; structural - more common. unknown cause; most commonly occurs during early adolscense - girls more than boys
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| Scoliosis s/sx, dx | s/sx - shoulder & hip different heights, maybe one-sided hump & prominent scapula from rotation of vertebra & ribs, spinal column curved when child bends over; dx - screening followed by xray confirmation
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| Scoliosis tx | depends on degree of curvature, mild may be treated w/ exercise, moderate will need brace - Boston or Milwaukee - worn 23 hrs/day slows progression - not a cure, if bad enough will put in traction and/or surgery
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