Digestive System
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| mouth | opening through which food passes into the body: breaks food into small particles by mastication and mixing with saliva
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| tongue | consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech
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| palate | separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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| soft palate | posterior portion, not supported by bone
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| hard palate | anterior portion, supported by bone
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| uvula | soft v-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat
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| pharynx, throat | performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
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| esophagus | 10-in tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Peristalsis (involuntary wavelike movements that propel food along the digestive tract) begin here
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| stomach | J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control
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| cardia | area around the opening of the esophagus
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| fundus | proximal domed portion of the stomach
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| body | central portion of the stomach, distal to the fundus
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| antrum | distal portion of the stomach
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| pylorus | portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
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| pyloric sphincter | ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
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| small intestine | 20-ft tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. Digestion is completed here. Absorption, the passage of nutrients from sm intestine to bloodstream, through villi (fingerlike projections that line the walls of the sm intestine)
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| duodenum | first 10-12 inches of the small intestine
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| jejunum | second portion of the small intestine, ~8 ft
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| ileum | third portion of the small intestine, ~11 ft, connects with large intestine
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| large intestine | ~ 5 ft long tube that extends from the ileum to the anus. Absorption of water and trasit of solid waste take place here
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| cecum | blind u-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
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| colon | next portion of the large intestine. divided into 4 parts-ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
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| rectum | distal portion of the large intestine, ~ 8-10 in. long, extending from sigmoid colon to anus
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| anus | sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract. provides for elimination of solid waste products
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| salivary glands | produce saliva, which flows into the mouth
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| liver | produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats
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| bile ducts | passageways that carry bile-hepatic duct for bile from the liver, cystic duct carries bile to and from the gallbladder. they join to form the common bile duct, conveys bile to the duodenum. collectively called biliary tract
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| gallbladder | small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver
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| pancreas | produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carb metabolism
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| peritoneum | serous saclike lining of the adominal and pelvic cavities
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| appendix | small pouch, no known function in digestion, attached to cecum
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| abdomen | portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
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| an/o | anus
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| antr/o | antrum
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| cec/o | cecum
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| col/o, colon/o | colon (large intestine)
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| duoden/o | duodenum
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| enter/o | intestine (small)
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| ile/o | ileum
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| jejun/o | jejunum
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| or/o, stomat/o | mouth
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| proct/o, rect/o | rectum
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon
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| abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o | abdomen, abdominal cavity
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| append/o, appendic/o | appendix
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| cheil/o | lip
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| cholangi/o | bile duct
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| chol/e | gall, bile
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| choledoch/o | common bile duct
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| diverticul/o | diverticulum, blind pouch, extending from a hollow organ
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| gingiv/o | gum
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| gloss/o, lingu/o | tongue
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| hepat/o | liver
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| herni/o | hernia
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| palat/o | palate
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| peritone/o | peritoneum
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| polyp/o | polyp, small growth
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| pylor/o | pylorus, pyloric sphincter
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| sial/o | saliva, salivary gland
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| steat/o | fat
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| uvul/o | uvula
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| hemi- | half
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| -pepsia | digestion
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| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix
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| cholangioma | tumor of the bile duct
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| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gall bladder
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| choledocholithiasis | condition of stones in the common bile duct
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| cholelithiasis | condition of gallstones
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| colitis | inflammation of the colon
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| diverticulitis | inflammation of the diverticulum
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| diverticulosis | abnormal condition of having diverticula
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| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus
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| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach
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| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and intestines
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| gastroenterocolitis | inflammation of the stomach, intestines, and colon
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| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums
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| glossitis | inflammation of the tongue
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| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver
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| hepatoma | tumor of the liver
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| palatitis | inflammation of the palate
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum
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| polyposis | abnormal condition of polpys
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| proctopsis | prolapse of the rectum
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| rectocele | protrusion of the rectum
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| sialolith | stone in the salivary gland
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| steatohepatitis | inflammation of the liver associated with excess fat
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| uvulitis | inflammation of the uvula
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| adhesion | abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated. treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy
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| celiac disease | malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten, which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream
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| cirrhosis | chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue, caused by alcoholism and certain hepatitis
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| Crohn disease | chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon...cobblestone ulcerations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of mucus barrier of the esophagus
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| hemochromatosis | iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue
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| hemorrhoids | swollen or distended veins in the rectal area, may be internal or external, can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain
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| ileus | non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis
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| intussusception | telescoping of a segment of the intestine
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
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| obesity | excess of body fat
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| peptic ulcer | erosion of the mucus membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
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| polyp | tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane, usually benign. common in nose, throat, and intestine
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| ulcerative colitis | inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers that produces bloody diarrhea. proctocolectomy w permanent ileostomy is standard treatment
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| volvulus | twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
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| abdominocentesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity
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| abdominoplasty | surgical repair of the abdomen
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| anoplasty | surgical repair of the anus
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| antrectomy | excision of the antrum
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| appendectomy | excision of the appendix
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| celiotomy | incision into the abdominal cavity
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| cheilorrhaphy | suturing of the lip
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| cholecysterectomy | excision of the gall bladder
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| choledocholithotomy | incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
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| colectomy | excision of the colon
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| colostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the colon
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| diverticulectomy | excision of a diverticulum
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| enterorrhaphy | suturing of the intestine
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| esophagegastroplasty | surgical repair of the esophagus and stomach
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| gastrectomy | excision of the stomach (or part of)
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| gastrojejunostomy | creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jujenum
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| gastroplasty | surgical repair of the stomach
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| gastrostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the stomach
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| gingivectomy | surgical removal of a gum (tissue)
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| glossorrhaphy | suturing of the tongue
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| hemicolectomy | excision of half of the colon
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| hernorrhaphy | suturing of a hernia
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| ileostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the ileum
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| laparotomy | incision into the abdominal wall
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| palatoplasty | surgical repair of the palate
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| polypectomy | excision of a polyp
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| pyloromyotomy | incision into the pyloric muscle (to correct pyloric stenosis
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| pyloroplasty | surgical repair of the pylorus
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| uvulectomy | excision of the uvula
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| uvulopalatopharyngolasty | surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (to correct obstructive sleep apnea
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| abdominoperineal resection (A&P resection) | removal of the distal colon and rectum through both the abdomen and perineal approaches-to treat colorectal cancer and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine
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| anastomosis (pl. anastomoses) | connection created y surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments
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| bariatric surgery | surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity
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| hemorrhoidectomy | excision of hemorrhoids
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| vagotomy | cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced
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| cholangiogram | radiographic image of bile ducts
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| cholangiography | radiographic imaging of the bile ducts
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| CT colonography | radiographic imaging of the colon using CT scanner
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| esophagogram | radiographic image of the esophagus
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| colonoscope | instrument used for visual exam of the colon
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| colonoscopy | visual exam of the colon
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| endoscope | instrument used for visual exam within (hollow organ)
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| endoscopy | visual exam within (hollow organ)
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| esophagogastroduodenoscopy | visual exam of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
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| esophagoscopy | visual exam of the esophagus
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| gastroscope | instrument used for visual exam of the stomach
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| gastroscopy | visual exam of the stomach
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| laparoscope | instrument used for visual exam of the abdominal caity
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| laparoscopy | visual exam of the abdominal cavity
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| proctoscope | instrument used for visual exam of rectum
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| proctoscopy | visual exam of the rectum
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| sigmoidoscopy | visual exam of the sigmoid colon
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| abdominal sonography | ultrasound test of the abdominal cavity
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| barium enema | series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after barium is administered rectally
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | endoscopic procedure involving radiographic imaging of the biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts w contrast media and fluoroscopy...used to evaluate and diagnose obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer
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| upper GI (gastrointestinal) series | series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after barium administered orally
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| endoscopic ulstrasound | procedure using and endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of layers of the intestinal wall...used to detect tumors and cystic growths
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| fecal occult blood test (FOBT) | test to detect occult blood in feces...used to screen for colon cancer or polyps
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| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test | blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers
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| ascites | abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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| diarrhea | frequent discharge of liquid stool
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| dysentery | disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated w diarrhea and abdominal pain
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| emesis | expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (aka vomiting)
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| feces | waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum (aka stool, fecal matter)
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| flatus | gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus
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| gastric lavage | washing out of the stomach
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| gavage | process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube
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| hematemesis | vomiting of blood
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| hematochezia | passage of bloody feces
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| malabsorption | impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
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| melena | black, tarry stool that contains digested blood..usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract
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| nausea | urge to vomit
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| palpate | to examine by hand; to feel
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| peristalsis | involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract
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| reflux | abnormal backward flow. in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus
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| stoma | surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body
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| vomiting | expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (aka emesis)
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