Key terms & definitions in research methods
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| Experiment | This research method tells you if there is a causal relationship between variables
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| Scattergraph | This graph allows you to assess the strength of correlations
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| Observation | This research method involves watching and recording behaviour
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| Closed | These questions require P’s to choose from a number of predetermined responses
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| Independent Measures Design | Where different participants take part in each condition
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| Independent Variable | In an experiment, this is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
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| Overt | If a study is conducted in this way the P’s know they are taking part
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| Field | This refers to research carried out in the P’s natural environment
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| Random Sampling | Which this technique each member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample
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| Demand Characteristics | These are cues about the study that may convey (show) your aim to the P’s
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| Correlation | This shows you how strongly two variables are related
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| Ecological Validity | If your study is done in an unnatural environment it is likely to lack this
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| Structured | In this sort of interview the questions are predetermined
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| Covert | In this type of study the P’s are unaware that a study is taking place
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| Reliability | This relates to consistent measurement – you can repeat and find the same results
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| Opportunity Sampling | This involves using whichever P’s are available at the time
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| Interview | This research method involves asking questions to P’s
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| Researcher Bias | This can happen when a researcher lacks objectivity
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| Validity | This relates to accurate measurement, whether your study measures what it claims to measure
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| Open | These questions allow P’s to respond however they want
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| Laboratory | This is a specifically designed, controlled environment for conducting research in
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| Extraneous Variable | A variable that will have an effect on the dependent variable unless it is controlled
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| Quantitative | This type of data comes in the form of numbers
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| Representative | This is a feature of a good sample
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| Dependent Variable | In an experiment, this is the variable measured by the experimenter
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| Matched Pairs | Design in which you match P’s on specific characteristics e.g. gender, age, IQ
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| Central tendency | This type of statistic tells you a typical value from a data set
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| Repeated Measures | Design where participants take part in all experimental conditions
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| Dispersion | This type of statistics tells you how spread out the data are
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| Qualitative | This is non-numerical data
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| Experimental / Alternative Hypothesis | This is a prediction of the expected outcome of the study
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| Questionnaire | This research method asks P’s to respond to questions in writing
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| Hypothesis | A specific, testable statement
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| Operationalised | a clearly defined variable with a clear statement of how it will be measured.
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| Two-tailed | This kind of hypothesis will only predict a difference rather than the direction of the difference.
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| Aim | The purpose of a piece of research
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| Demand characteristics | This is when a participant behaves/responds in a way that they think the experimenter wants them to.
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