Test #4
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| Harry Harlow was a _____ theorist, focusing on ________ behavior. | behaviorist, attachment
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| According to Harlow, attachment to the caregiver (not necessarily the mother) begins _________, although some have theorized it begins in ___________. | 6-8 mos, the womb.
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| Attachment bonding/behavior continues ___________ | until death
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| What are Harlow's General Stages of Development? How many? | (3) I-D-F:
Indiscriminate social responsiveness (birth-2 mos)
Discriminate Social Responsiveness (2-7 mos)
Focused Attachment: (8-24 mos)
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| Describe stage (1): Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness [birth-2mos:] | Babies do not focus their attn exclusively on the caregiver &at times, will respond positively to anyone.
Infants come in2 world w a # of built-in respns/reflexes (similar to Piaget)
Cregivers recognize their babies w/in hrs after birth by smell/touch
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| (1/2): Describe stage (2): Discriminate Social Responsiveness [birth 2-7 mos) | -strangers continue to be accepted, they become “second class citizens.”
-In this stage child develops a cog representation or an internal working model of the caregiver based on how reliable and trustworthy the mother or caregiver is perceived to be.
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| (2/2): Describe stage (2): Discriminate Social Responsiveness [birth 2-7 mos) | Babies now begin to develop a sense of self and understand that they are separate from the rest of the world (ego-centrism develops.)
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| Describe Stage (3): Focused Attachment (8-24 mos) | The attachment bond becomes clearly defined and developed (around the first year) and remains very strong until age 2.
The appearance of the attachment behavior is tied to 2 primary areas: emotion & physical development.
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| Describe EMOTION - (1) primary area that the appearance of the attachment behavior is tied to (falls under stage 3 of Harlow's general stages of development)? | Babies begin to recognize a stranger/familiar person, &bc babies begin to recognize strangers, they respond negatively as a result (referred to as the weariness of strangers – occurring at 8 mos) which then prompts crying and retreating to the caregiver.
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| Describe PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT - (2) primary area that the appearance of the attachment behavior is tied to (falls under stage 3 of Harlow's general stages of development)? | Sitting up; Babies begin to crawl (6-8 mos) as a means of searching out/reviewing their environment.
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| What are the determinants of attachment bonding? How many? | (3) R - A - T
Responsiveness to the baby
Attachment accross generation
Temperament
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| Describe "Responsiveness to the baby" (Determinants of Attachment bonding) | Mothers who are more sensitive to their babies needs, and who judge their behavior to that of their babies are more likely to develop a secure attachment relationship.
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| Describe "Attachment across generation" (Determinants of Attachment bonding) | Harlow constructed a study in which he wanted to assess mother’s memory about their childhood experiences. He had mothers describe their childhood attachment relationships, and then divided them into 3 groups.
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| What are the 3 childhood attachment relationship groups? | Autonomous moms: Present objective/balanced picture of childhood, noting positive/egative exps.
Dismissing: difficult time recalling their childhood memories/assign little sig. to childhood.
Pre-occupy:dwell on childhood exp; confusing/highly emotional.
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| What is the adult attachment interview? | Harlow constructed a study in which he wanted to assess mother’s memory about their childhood experiences
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| Describe "Temperament" (Determinants of Attachment) | Babies with more fearful or more difficult temperaments (crying all the time) are likely to show greater distress when separated from their mothers or caregiver.
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| What was Harlow's most famous case study of attachment? | Rhesus Monkeys
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| What was Harlow interested in determining in his Rhesus monkey study? | determining the role that feeding plays in the attachment process.
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| Harlow used baby rhesus monkeys manipulate ______, _____, and _______ a baby is fed. | when, how, and by whom
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| Explain the Rhesus Monkeys experiment: | group of rhesus monkeys were removed from their mothers immediately after birth &raised in a lab w (2) surrogate mothers that had been constructed of wood/wire. (1) of the surrogate mothers was covered in terrycloth (making it easy to cling to the mother)
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| What (2) measures did Harlow use to assess the infants love for the mother? | 1.The amount of time spent with each of the surrogate mothers
2.The degree to which the mother provided security in fear producing situations
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| What were the results of the Monkey experiment?: | 1. 17-18 hours/day on the terrycloth mother .less than 1 hour a day on the wire mother.
2. When frightened, the monkeys sought terrymother for comfort.
3. When only the wire mother was present, the monkeys seemed to find little comfort in its presence
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| Harry Harlow’s research demonstrated that the most important factor in developing the attachment of rhesus monkeys isn’t feeding, but rather ________ | the opportunity to cling and cuddle with the terrycloth surrogate mother.
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| The phenomenon of clinging and cuddling being the most important factor in developing attachment was referred to as | contact comfort
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| Why is the relevance of contact comfort in humans unclear? | The relevance of contact comfort in humans is unclear as it is unethical to deprive human babies of contact with their caregivers.
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| What kind of theorist was B.F. Skinner? What kind of theory did he focus on? | Behaviorist. Operate conditioning theory.
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| In 1936 Skinner began his novel ______ which embraced _________ principles for a ________ society. | Walden II, behavoristic, utopian
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