Ecology unit 9 science emily
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| Ecology | The scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment and all the other organisms that live in that environment
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| Biosphere ( most complex), Biome, Ecosystem , community, Population( level in our classroom), Organism( simplest-most specific) | Environment can be organized into what six levels of hierarchy
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| Environment | Consists of all living and non living things with which organisms may interact ( abiotic-biotic)
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| Biosphere | It is life supporting portions of the earth composed of air, fresh water, salt water. Highest level of organization
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| Biome | Describes in very general terms the climate and types of plants that are found in similar places around the world.
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| Ecosystem | A particular environment and all living things that are supported by it. Includes living and no living parts. Can be small as a pond or as large as a dessert
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| Community | Is made up the living components of the ecosystem. A group of population that live in a particular area and interact with one another
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| Population | A group of the same type of living in the same area
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| Organism | A single individual animal, plant, fungus, or other living things
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| Through photosynthesis and chemical energy. The solar energy- sun provides most of the energy that is stored in food. | How does energy enter into the living parts of ecosystem?
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| Habitats | Place in which an organism lives, food, shelter, water, and everything else the species needs to survive. A physical place to live
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| Niche | Organisms roles to play in a habitat. It is not limited to its place in the food web. Like a plant is food but also shelter.
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| Producer | Is an organism that captures energy and stores it in food as chemical energy. Plants, photosynthesis bacteria
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| Herbivore | First order of consumer. Consumers. Eats only plants. Ex. Caterpillars, deer
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| Carnivore | Consumers eat only animals. Ex lions, spiders, snake
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| Omnivore | Consumers that eat both plants and animals. Ex raccoons, coyotes, most humans
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| Scavengers | Carnivores that feed on the bodies of dead organisms. Ex beetles, vultures, cat fish, ants
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| Consumers | Four types. Are organisms that get their energy by eating, or consuming other organisms.
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| Relationship between producers and consumers | Producers transform the suns energy into sugars. Consumers take in this stored energy when they set the producers.
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| Decomposer | Organisms that break down dead plant and animals matter into simpler compounds
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| Fungi and bacteria. ( mushrooms and mold) | What are the 2 major groups of deco posers
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| Detritivores | Eat dead matter like plant and animal remains ex worms and snails
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| Food web | Is a model of the feeding relationship between many different consumers and producers in an ecosystem It is overlapping and interconnected
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| Food Chain | Describes the feeding relationship between producer and a single chain of consumers in an ecosystem
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| Both show how organism receive their energy. How different organisms depend on each other. Food chain is a single chain of feeding relationships in an ecosystem. A food web show many different feeding relationships | Difference between a food chain and food web
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| From the animal being eaten to the animal that ate it. Grass--> Deer---->lion | What ways do the arrows point on a food web
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| Energy pyramid | A model that shows the amount of energy available at each feeding level of an ecosystem
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| Producers | Which layer contains the most energy the the Energy Pyramid? And why?
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| Tertiary consumers | Which layer contains the least energy in the energy pyramid? And why?
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| Producers capture the sunlight, consumer consume the energy of what they have eaten- only what is leftover from their use. | How is energy is transferred through out the energy pyramid
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| What is the 10% law? | The energy at one level of the food web is transferred to the next. The other 90% is used for the organisms life's processes. Because 90% lost each level. Not enough energy for many feeding levels
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| Producers1000 kg, primary herbivores 100 kg, second consumers 10 kg, top carnivores tertiary 1 kg | How do you calculate how many calories are transferred to each level?
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| At each level in the pyramid there is less available energy than the level before | Why is the level of energy change at each level of the pyramid?
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| Producer ( autotrophs) primary consumer ( herbivores) secondary consumer (omnivores/ small carnivores) tertiary consumer ( carnivores) | What are the levels of the energy pyramid
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| Hawk and snakes would die | Explain the mice, snake, and hawk relationship what happened if removed
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| Mice, snake, hawk because both snake and hawk eats mice and hawk eats snake | What is the order of consumers of snake, hawk, mice and why?
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| Competition, predation, symbiosis | What are the interaction of species
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| Parasite | Organism that feeds on other living organisms and weaken their host Ex tape worm, lice, ticks
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| Host | Organism in which another organism lives on is called
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| Predator | Is an animal that kills and eats other animals
Hunts and eats another animal
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| Prey | Is an animal eaten by a predator. In food chain. An organism can be both
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| Predator eat and leave and parasites stay and consumer on the host parasite is usually smaller | What is the difference between predatation vs parasitism
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| Primary producers | Autotrophs Plants that capture the sunlight
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| Primary consumers | Herbivores , deer
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| Secondary consumers | Small carnivores, omnivores . Wolves , coyotes
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| Tertiary consumers | Large carnivores. Lions
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| Succession | Change in ecological communities over a long period of time
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| Primary succession and secondary succession | What two types of succession
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| Primary succession | Series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem was there before. Ex barren rock
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| Pioneer species | The first species to populate an area
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| Secondary succession | Series of changes that occur after a disturbance in a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. Ex fire, flood, abandon field
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| Bare rock, Lichens and Mosses, Grasses and Shrubs, softwood, Mixed Hardwood | 5 stages of succession
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| Bare rock | No soil, no available nutrients, no active life... Not a community
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| Lichens and Mosses | Pioneer species, first to colonize rocks, secrete acid onto rocks which liberates nutrients, catches wind blown dirt, can take 100 to 1000 years. Least diverse, least stable
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| Grasses and Shrub | Early succession plants, do not need deep roots. Like full sun. Shrubs that move in causes shade and kills them
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| Softwood | Mid-succession plant. Trees that need a lot of sunlight. Cedar or pine
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| Mixed Harwood | Mature forest. Saplings are shade tolerant. When adult tree dies leaves a whole in the canopy Sampling race to the top. Grow tall not wide. Most diverse less likely to erode
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| Symbiosis | Living together Close relationship between two organism lives near, on, or inside another organism
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| Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism | What are the three types of symbiosis?
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| Mutualism symbiosis (+,+) | An interaction between two species that benefits both. Ex bee and flowers. Bee need the food from nectar, but the help flowers by pollinating
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| Commensalism symbiosis (+,0) | Is a relationship between two species in which one species benefits while the other is not affected. Ex. Lichens on tree- light enough not to harm. Not always food but for protection. Jelly fish and fish
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| Parasitism symbiosis (+,0) | Is the relationship between two species in which one species benefits while the species it depends on ( host) is harmed.
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| Climax community | The final stable plant community. The community may reach a point of stability that can last for hundreds or thousand years
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| Primary no soil, cause lava flow, glacier movement pioneer species- need to move in via seeds or spores. Secondary there is soil, cause by fire, floods, change in land usage, pioneer species- survived in soil. | What is the difference between primary and secondary succession
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| Intraspecific competition | Occurs within the same species. ( two Creosote trees fighting for sun and water)
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| Interspecific competition | Occurs between members of different species. Strangler fig and a tree- can attach to host tree
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| Intraspecific occurs with same species and interspecific completion occurs among different species competing for same resources that are limited | What is the difference between intraspecific and interspecific competition
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| Predation (+,-) | Relationship that exists between a predator and it's prey. An interaction in which one organism kills and eats another
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| 1. Everything is connected to everything else. 2. Everything must go somewhere. 3. Nature knows best. 4 there is no such thing as a free lunch | What are the four ecological Rules
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| Fundamental niche and Realized niche | What are the two niche
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| Fundamental niche | All the resources opportunities an organism can occupy. Potential
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| Realized niche | The resources opportunities an organism DOES occupy. Actual
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| Tropic level or feeding level | What are each level of the food chain called
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| Heat of organism | At each level of a food chain, energy is lost mostly in the form of
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