Bio Exam 4
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| Location of Translation | show 🗑
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| show | Informational transfer from mRNA to protein.
Also called protein synthesis.
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| tRNA in translation | show 🗑
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| anticodon | show 🗑
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| "E" site in large ribosomal subunit | show 🗑
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| "P" site in large ribosomal subunit | show 🗑
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| show | holds an aminoacyl tRNA
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| translation - initiation | show 🗑
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| translation - elongation | show 🗑
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| show | tRNA with release factor binds to "A" site.
Protein is released.
Ribosome subunits separate.
mRNA is released.
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| show | Cells whose cell division is unregulated, creating a mass of cells.
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| Proto-Oncogenes | show 🗑
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| Tumor Suppressors | show 🗑
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| MPF | show 🗑
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| Growth factors | show 🗑
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| show | A transporter protein to take lactose into cells.
An enzyme to break lactose into 2 monomers.
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| lac genes | show 🗑
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| When lactose is absent, what is bound to the lac operon? | show 🗑
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| show | Lactose (the inducer) binds to repressor.
Repressor releases from DNA and transcription occurs.
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| show | Transcription of lac operon is drastically reduced.
Glucose inhibits the lactose transport activity of galactoside permease.
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| show | Gene clusters that contains genes that produce proteins that function together.
All genes in the cluster are controlled by the same promoter.
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| show | A gene that has its own promoter and is always active.
Produces a repressor protein.
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| show | Binds to regulatory sequence of DNA.
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| In chromatin structure, each nucleosome is: | show 🗑
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| HDAC | show 🗑
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| show | Histone Acetyl Transferase
Adds acetyl group to histone when DNA gets loosened
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| show | when the bases of DNA are not changed but chemical modifications are added (methyl groups or acetyl groups) that alter gene expression
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| Epigenetic inheritance | show 🗑
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| show | proteins that bind
to regulatory sequences on the DNA.
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| show | 1. Synthesis of signal
2. Release of signaling molecule outside the cell
3. Transport of signaling molecule to target cells
4. Detection of signal by receptor protein
5. Signal Processing & Cellular response to signal
6. Deactivation of signal
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| show | signals (hormones) act on target cells distant from site of synthesis
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| Paracrine signaling | show 🗑
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| show | signals act on the cells that synthesized the signal
Ex. Growth factors
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| What else besides chemicals can act as signals? | show 🗑
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| show | The presence of a protein receptor for a particular signal determines which cells will respond to a particular signal.
Ex: responds to estrogen only if it has estrogen receptor.
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| show | Proteins that are dynamic
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| Lipid-soluble signals | show 🗑
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| Lipid-insoluble | show 🗑
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| Transduction | show 🗑
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| show | Signal transduction via G protein coupled receptors
Signal transduction via Enzyme-Linked proteins
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| show | B4 signal binds to receptor, it’s in the “off” state, GDP is bound to 1 of 3 G proteins.
Signal binds to receptor, GDP leaves, GTP binds to G protein, activating it/on.
Activating an enzyme that generates second messengers, activating transc. factors.
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| Signal transduction via Enzyme-Linked proteins | show 🗑
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| show | Ras kicks out GDP and binds to GTP
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| show | GTP
It activate G proteins that activate the enzyme that generates second messengers that active transcription factors.
It turns on signaling pathways
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| Second messengers | show 🗑
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| What is a phosphorylation cascade? What type of signaling pathway is it associated with? | show 🗑
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| What is the master tumor suppressor protein? What is its main job (what does it activate)? | show 🗑
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| show | the break will go off (gas is pushed), and it will allow the cells to go into the S phase.
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| p53, if DNA is in bad shape (damaged) | show 🗑
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| show | Cell killing itself when p53 sees that it is damaged and not repairable.
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| show | One mechanism where cell cycle proteins can become defective
change in base sequence (shape)
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| When does mutation occur? | show 🗑
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| show | DNA polymerase can fix it, but can miss the mistakes
p53/ other tumor suppressors are able to remove the wrong bases and insert the correct bases
DNA repair enzymes are constantly scanning DNA and repairing errors and damage (many are activated by p53)
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| show | Chemicals that cause high rates of DNA mutations affect cell cycle control genes.
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| Cell differentiation | show 🗑
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| Benign tumors | show 🗑
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| Malignant tumors | show 🗑
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| show | identifies defective cellular pathways and targets. Especially effective for tumors resulting from high mitogens (breast).
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| Chemotherapy | show 🗑
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| show | ionizing radiation that damages DNA - thought that tumor cells are more susceptible.
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| show | 1. reception of a signaling molecule
2. transduction of the signal
3. response to the signal
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| LEARNING CATALYTICS In what environmental conditions would you expect to measure high levels of gene expression of the lac operon in E.coli? | show 🗑
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| show | Levels of beta galactosidase and permease
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| show | DNA methylation
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| show | It integrates information about the environment
It activates transcription factors
It requires receptor proteins
It alters gene expression
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| LEARNING CATALYTICS What protein modification activates intercellular signaling proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | lipid hormones
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| show | second messengers
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| A(n) _____ is an example of a signal molecule that can bind to an intracellular receptor and thereby cause a gene to be turned on or off. | show 🗑
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| show | estrogen
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| Regulatory proteins bind to _____. | show 🗑
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| In the presence of a regulatory protein the lac operon is _____. | show 🗑
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| A(n) _______ is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway. | show 🗑
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| show | genes of an operon
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| show | promoter
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| A(n) ________ codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes. | show 🗑
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| Regulatory proteins often bind to the ______ to control expression of the operon. | show 🗑
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| A(n) ________ is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In bacteria, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter. | show 🗑
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| A(n) ______ is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes its shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on. | show 🗑
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