Evolutionary Theory
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| Who is Erasmus Darwin? | Charles Darwin's grandfather. He proposed evolution as inheritance of acquired characteristics, and that all traits develop from a need.
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| Jean Baptist Lamarck (1744-1829) proposed several mechanisms as driving forces of evolution. Describe progressionism. | Steady linear advance from simple to complex species.
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| Describe Lamarck's idea of Transmutation of Species. | Characteristics of a species change based on external conditions.
~Use/disuse model
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| How does the use/disuse model work? | Individuals lose characteristics they do not require (or use) and develop characteristics that are useful.
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| What is uniformitarianism? | The idea that geological features arose from a gradual process over thousands of years
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| Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle (1831-36). Describe his voyage. | With Captain Robert Fitz-Roy. He read "Princples of Geology" by Charles Lyell & "Essay on the Principle of Population" Thomas Malthus. Sailed to the Galapagos Islands (Fall, 1835)
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| What did Charles Darwin propose in his book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" (1859)? | Surplus offspring leads to struggle for survival. Individual differences with survival values are passed to later generations (i.e., adaptive traits).
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| Darwin's "Descent of Man" (1871) was about? | Humans as part of the animal kingdom & the continuity of species
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| What was the main purpose of "Expressions of Emotions in Man and Animals?" (1872) | Emotions are universal and have survival value
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| Who was James C. Brown and what did he do for Darwin? | Allowed Darwin to take pictures of psychotic patients making emotional expressions & compared them to healthy humans. Found there was little to no difference between the two populations. Facial expressions in response to emotions are not socially learned
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| What would Emil Kraepelin most likely attribute a patient’s depression to? | A Biological Dispositions
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| According to Lamarck, and organisms offspring will inherit ______, thus driving evolution. | Characteristics that were strengthened through use by the parent
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| Charles Darwin's theory about evolution could be considered as a form of inheritance of aquired characteristics? | False
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| Uniformitarianism, as a geological theory, was conceptually _____ with Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection because it suggests that _______. | Consistent; moment to moment changes are imperceptible and small
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| According to Cajal, intelligence is best predicted by | The specific connections that exist between neurons
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| Who would provide data in Titchener’s introspection studies? | Participants with 100s of hours of training in the task
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| What did Kraepelin conclude about substance abuse? | The effects of drugs are highly dependent on the substance in question
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| Charles Darwin thought that emotional responses were: | Innate.
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| Leta Stetter Hollingworth disproved the variability hypothesis which says men are physically and psychologically more variable than women. What did she find? | Male infants not more variable on height, weight, cranial measures. Male achievements results from greater vocational options.
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| Hollingworth's "The Psychology of the Adolescent" (1928) addressed... | Continuous development in people
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| What were some of Herbert Spencer's contributions to the application of evolutionary psychology? | Survival of the fittest.
~Social Darwinism - application of evolutionary theory to human society.
"Principles of Psychology" (1855)
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| Describe Francis Galton's contributions to the application of evolutionary psychology. | ~Obsession with counting
~Co-relations and their Measurements (1888)- Regression analysis & median/percentile
~Eugenics
~Word Association Test
~Mental Imagery
~Many breakthrough publications
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| Galton's "English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture" (1876) | First use of questionnaire in Psychology
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| Galton's "Inquiry into Human Faculty and its development" | First test battery for twins
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