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Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception

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Term
Definition
Sensation   show
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Perception   show
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show Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information  
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show Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations  
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show Cognitive disorder that affects the ability to recognize facial features.  
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show The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them  
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Absolute thresholds   show
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Signal detection theory   show
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Subliminal stimuli   show
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Priming   show
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show The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.  
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show The principle that, to be perceived as different the two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage  
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show Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation  
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show Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation we talk about photo-transduction the act of seeing energy in the world and then translating that into neural impulses  
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show Spectrum of light that ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, and includes the part of light that is visible to the human eye.  
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show The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.Short wavelengths equal blueish colors and high-pitched sounds. Long wavelengths equal reddish colors and low-pitched sounds  
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Hue   show
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Intensity   show
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Amplitude   show
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show Protective covering of the eye that bends light to provide focus  
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Pupil   show
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Iris   show
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Lens   show
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Accomodation   show
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show The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.  
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show The sharpness of vision  
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Nearsightedness   show
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show A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina  
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Rods   show
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Cones   show
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Optic nerve   show
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Blind spot   show
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show The central focal point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster  
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Feature detectors   show
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Parallel processing   show
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Serial processing   show
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show The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color  
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show Mixing red, blue, and yellow means you will see brown or black.  
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show Combining red, blue, and green lights makes white light  
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show The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.  
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Audition   show
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show The number of complete wave-lengths that pass a point in a given time. The higher the frequency of waves the higher pitch the sound will be. The lower the frequency the lower the pitch of sound will be.  
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Pitch   show
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show The structure that funnels sound waves to the eardrum.  
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Middle ear   show
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Cochlea   show
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Basilar membrane   show
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Place theory   show
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show In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.  
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show Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object  
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show Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea  
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show Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness  
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Cochlear implant   show
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Gate-Control theory   show
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show The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste  
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Kinesthesis   show
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Vestibular senses   show
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Perceptual set   show
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Context effects   show
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show Part of the retina these cells receive info from the rods and cones.They help change the image into a neural impulse. The message then goes to the optic nerve which transmits the image to the thalamus and then the visual cortex.  
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show Acts as an information highway sending messages about visual images from the retina to the thalamus and eventually finally to the visual cortex for processing  
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Gestalt psychologists   show
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Immanuel Kant   show
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show The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses  
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show An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.  
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show The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)  
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show The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. There are five types of groups. Remember: Penelope Sings Christmas Carols Carelessly stands for Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Connectedness, and Closure  
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show One of the five types of grouping, we group nearby figures together  
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show One of the five types of grouping, we group together figures that are similar to each other  
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Continuity   show
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show One of the five types of grouping, because they are uniform and linked  
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Closure   show
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Depth perception   show
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show The psychologists who designed the visual cliff  
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Visual cliff   show
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show Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.  
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Retinal disparity   show
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show A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.  
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Monocular cues   show
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Relative size   show
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.  
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Relative clarity   show
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, objects that are far away appear smaller and more densely packed.  
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Relative height   show
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Relative motion   show
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, parallel lines, appear to converge with distance, the more they converge the greater their perceived distance  
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes  
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show An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession  
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show Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change  
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show We perceive objects as having a constant size even while our distance from them varies  
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Shape constancy   show
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show We perceive an object as having a constant lightness even when the illumination varies  
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show In our vision it is our ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field  
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Perceptual set   show
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Human factors psychology   show
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Extrasensory perception (ESP)   show
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Parapsychology   show
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Hammar, Anvil, Stirrup   show
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Auditory Nerve   show
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show when high frequency sounds are experienced too frequently for a single neuron to process and fire for each sound event, the ear, combines the multiple stimuli into a "volley" in order to process the sounds.  
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McGurk effect   show
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show A rare condition in which one sort of sensation produces another.  
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Olfaction   show
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show Study of paranormal phenomena  
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