Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception
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| Sensation | show 🗑
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| Perception | show 🗑
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| show | Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
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| show | Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
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| show | Cognitive disorder that affects the ability to recognize facial features.
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| show | The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
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| Absolute thresholds | show 🗑
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| Signal detection theory | show 🗑
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| Subliminal stimuli | show 🗑
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| Priming | show 🗑
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| show | The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.
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| show | The principle that, to be perceived as different the two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
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| show | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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| show | Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation we talk about photo-transduction the act of seeing energy in the world and then translating that into neural impulses
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| show | Spectrum of light that ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, and includes the part of light that is visible to the human eye.
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| show | The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.Short wavelengths equal blueish colors and high-pitched sounds. Long wavelengths equal reddish colors and low-pitched sounds
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| Hue | show 🗑
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| Intensity | show 🗑
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| Amplitude | show 🗑
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| show | Protective covering of the eye that bends light to provide focus
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| Pupil | show 🗑
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| Iris | show 🗑
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| Lens | show 🗑
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| Accomodation | show 🗑
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| show | The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
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| show | The sharpness of vision
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| Nearsightedness | show 🗑
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| show | A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina
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| Rods | show 🗑
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| Cones | show 🗑
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| Optic nerve | show 🗑
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| Blind spot | show 🗑
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| show | The central focal point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster
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| Feature detectors | show 🗑
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| Parallel processing | show 🗑
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| Serial processing | show 🗑
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| show | The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
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| show | Mixing red, blue, and yellow means you will see brown or black.
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| show | Combining red, blue, and green lights makes white light
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| show | The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
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| Audition | show 🗑
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| show | The number of complete wave-lengths that pass a point in a given time. The higher the frequency of waves the higher pitch the sound will be. The lower the frequency the lower the pitch of sound will be.
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| Pitch | show 🗑
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| show | The structure that funnels sound waves to the eardrum.
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| Middle ear | show 🗑
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| Cochlea | show 🗑
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| Basilar membrane | show 🗑
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| Place theory | show 🗑
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| show | In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
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| show | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object
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| show | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
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| show | Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
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| Cochlear implant | show 🗑
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| Gate-Control theory | show 🗑
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| show | The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste
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| Kinesthesis | show 🗑
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| Vestibular senses | show 🗑
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| Perceptual set | show 🗑
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| Context effects | show 🗑
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| show | Part of the retina these cells receive info from the rods and cones.They help change the image into a neural impulse. The message then goes to the optic nerve which transmits the image to the thalamus and then the visual cortex.
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| show | Acts as an information highway sending messages about visual images from the retina to the thalamus and eventually finally to the visual cortex for processing
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| Gestalt psychologists | show 🗑
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| Immanuel Kant | show 🗑
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| show | The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
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| show | An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
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| show | The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
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| show | The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. There are five types of groups. Remember: Penelope Sings Christmas Carols Carelessly stands for Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Connectedness, and Closure
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| show | One of the five types of grouping, we group nearby figures together
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| show | One of the five types of grouping, we group together figures that are similar to each other
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| Continuity | show 🗑
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| show | One of the five types of grouping, because they are uniform and linked
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| Closure | show 🗑
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| Depth perception | show 🗑
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| show | The psychologists who designed the visual cliff
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| Visual cliff | show 🗑
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| show | Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.
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| Retinal disparity | show 🗑
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| show | A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.
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| Monocular cues | show 🗑
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| Relative size | show 🗑
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| show | A monocular cue for perceiving depth, if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.
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| Relative clarity | show 🗑
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| show | A monocular cue for perceiving depth, objects that are far away appear smaller and more densely packed.
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| Relative height | show 🗑
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| Relative motion | show 🗑
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| show | A monocular cue for perceiving depth, parallel lines, appear to converge with distance, the more they converge the greater their perceived distance
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| show | A monocular cue for perceiving depth, nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes
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| show | An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
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| show | Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
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| show | We perceive objects as having a constant size even while our distance from them varies
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| Shape constancy | show 🗑
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| show | We perceive an object as having a constant lightness even when the illumination varies
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| show | In our vision it is our ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
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| Perceptual set | show 🗑
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| Human factors psychology | show 🗑
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| Extrasensory perception (ESP) | show 🗑
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| Parapsychology | show 🗑
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| Hammar, Anvil, Stirrup | show 🗑
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| Auditory Nerve | show 🗑
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| show | when high frequency sounds are experienced too frequently for a single neuron to process and fire for each sound event, the ear, combines the multiple stimuli into a "volley" in order to process the sounds.
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| McGurk effect | show 🗑
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| show | A rare condition in which one sort of sensation produces another.
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| Olfaction | show 🗑
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| show | Study of paranormal phenomena
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