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Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
Sensation   show
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Perception   show
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show Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information  
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show Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations  
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Prospagnosia   show
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show The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them  
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Absolute thresholds   show
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Signal detection theory   show
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Subliminal stimuli   show
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Priming   show
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show The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.  
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Weber's law   show
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show Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation  
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show Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation we talk about photo-transduction the act of seeing energy in the world and then translating that into neural impulses  
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Electromagnetic spectrum   show
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Wavelength   show
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show The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.  
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Intensity   show
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show The distance from the bottom of the wave to the top of the same wave. Short amplitudes create dull colors and soft sounds. Great amplitudes create bright colors and loud sounds.  
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Cornea   show
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Pupil   show
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show A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening  
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show The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina  
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Accomodation   show
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Retina   show
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show The sharpness of vision  
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Nearsightedness   show
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show A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina  
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show Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.  
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show Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations  
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show The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain  
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show The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there  
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Fovea   show
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Feature detectors   show
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Parallel processing   show
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Serial processing   show
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Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory   show
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Subtractive color mixing   show
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show Combining red, blue, and green lights makes white light  
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show The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.  
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show The sense or act of hearing  
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Frequency   show
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show A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.  
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Outer ear   show
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Middle ear   show
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Cochlea   show
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Basilar membrane   show
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Place theory   show
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show In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.  
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show Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object  
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show Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea  
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show Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness  
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Cochlear implant   show
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Gate-Control theory   show
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show The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste  
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show The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts  
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show The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance  
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Perceptual set   show
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Context effects   show
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Bipolar and Ganglion Cells   show
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show Acts as an information highway sending messages about visual images from the retina to the thalamus and eventually finally to the visual cortex for processing  
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Gestalt psychologists   show
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Immanuel Kant   show
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Visual capture   show
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show An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.  
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Figure-ground relationship   show
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show The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. There are five types of groups. Remember: Penelope Sings Christmas Carols Carelessly stands for Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Connectedness, and Closure  
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show One of the five types of grouping, we group nearby figures together  
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Similarity   show
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show One of the five types of grouping, we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than disconeinuous ones  
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show One of the five types of grouping, because they are uniform and linked  
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Closure   show
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show The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimension; allows us to judge distance.  
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show The psychologists who designed the visual cliff  
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show A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals designed by psychologists Gibson and Walk  
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show Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.  
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Retinal disparity   show
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Convergence   show
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show Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone, there are eight monocular cues  
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, if two objects are similar in size then we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away  
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Interposition   show
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, we perceive hazy objects as further away than sharp, clear objects. In fog or snow, the car in front of you may therefore seem farther away than it is.  
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, objects that are far away appear smaller and more densely packed.  
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, objects that appear higher in our field of vision are seen as further away  
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Relative motion   show
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Linear perspective   show
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show A monocular cue for perceiving depth, nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes  
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Phi phenomenon   show
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Perceptual constancy   show
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show We perceive objects as having a constant size even while our distance from them varies  
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Shape constancy   show
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Light constancy   show
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Perceptual adaptation   show
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Perceptual set   show
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Human factors psychology   show
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show The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition  
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Parapsychology   show
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Hammar, Anvil, Stirrup   show
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Auditory Nerve   show
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Volley principle   show
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show An auditory illusion that proves that sensory interaction exists. In this case it is the idea that vision influences our perception of what is being said.  
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Synaesthesia   show
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show Sense of smell. The oldest sense. It is a chemical sense. It is not processed by the thalamus and is deeply connected to a person's memories and thus probably is connected to the limbic system  
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show Study of paranormal phenomena  
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