Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
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| Neurons | show 🗑
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| show | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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| show | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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| show | a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next
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| Action potential | show 🗑
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| show | When all of the negative ions are on the inside of the axon membrane and all of the positive ions are on the outside of the axon membrane. In order to receive an action potential the axon must first be in resting potential
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| show | The branching ends of the axons that contain the vesicles and neurotransmitters that cross and stimulate the dendrites of the next neuron
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| show | The membrane of the axon is selectively permeable and it is selective about what particles it allows in
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| show | Is the period where the neuron resets itself by pushing all of the positive ions out so that it can receive the next action potential. Must have this resetting period otherwise the neuron can NOT receive another message.
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| show | The level of stimulation required to trigger an impulse
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| All-or-none response | show 🗑
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| Synapse | show 🗑
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| Neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| show | Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron after they have communicated with another neuron's dendrites.
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| Acetylcholine (ACh) | show 🗑
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| Dopamine | show 🗑
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| Serotonin | show 🗑
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| show | Neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal and a lack of this is connected to depressed mood.
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| GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid) | show 🗑
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| Glutamate | show 🗑
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| show | Natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
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| show | Are excitatory. An agonist molecule MIMICS a neurotransmitters effects or blocks reuptake
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| show | Are inhibitory. They prevent a neurotransmitter's release or occupy and BLOCK the receptor site not allowing anything to touch
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| show | The body's speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | show 🗑
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | show 🗑
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| Nerves | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
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| Motor Neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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| Somatic Nervous System | show 🗑
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| show | the part of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It has both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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| show | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | show 🗑
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| Reflex | show 🗑
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| show | Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results.
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| Endocrine System | show 🗑
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| Hormones | show 🗑
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| show | Part of the endocrine system that are located just above the kidneys and control the fight or flight response.
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| show | Part of the endocrine system that regulates growth and is the master gland
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| show | Brain region that controls the pituitary gland, it is the connection between the central nervous system and the endocrine system
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| Thyroid Gland | show 🗑
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| Parathyroids | show 🗑
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| show | Part of the endocrine system that regulates the level of sugar in the blood
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| show | An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | show 🗑
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| show | A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
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| show | A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function
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| Brainstem | show 🗑
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| Medulla | show 🗑
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| show | A nerve network on the inside of the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal (conscious awareness not bow chicka wow, wow :P)
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| show | The Pons is an outer coating of the brain stem that sits above the medulla. It links the medulla and the thalamus, it helps control muscle movement, it is important for controlling alertness
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| show | The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the crebellum and medulla
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| Cerebellum | show 🗑
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| show | System in the brain that is associated with strong emotions and drives for things such as food and sex. The parts of the limbic system are the: hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
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| Amygdala | show 🗑
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| show | A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
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| Hippocampus | show 🗑
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| show | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center
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| Glial Cells | show 🗑
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| show | the portion of the cerebral cortex that is involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
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| Parietal Lobes | show 🗑
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| show | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
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| show | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information
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| Motor Cortex | show 🗑
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| show | the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
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| Association areas | show 🗑
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| Aphasia | show 🗑
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| Broca's Area | show 🗑
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| show | Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
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| show | Transforms visual representations into an auditory code
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| Plasticity | show 🗑
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| show | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
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| show | A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly the corpus callosum) between them.
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| show | The cell body is responsible for passing important messages from the dendrites of the cell down to the axon.
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| Ions | show 🗑
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| show | When an action potential (brief electrical charge) hits the axon the membrane gets confused and lets in positively charged ions temporarily depolarizing the axon. The particles rush in quickly and then are quickly pushed back out of the axon.
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| show | Most signals that enter a cell are excitatory they push a neuron to send a message. If an excitatory signal exceeds the neuron's threshold an action potential will fire
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| Inhibitory signals | show 🗑
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| Synaptic gap (cleft) | show 🗑
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | To surgically remove brain tissue
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| show | The formation of new neurons
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| show | The idea that the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex and the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex have different functions
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| show | The two psychologists who are most famous for performing split brain surgeries in which the corpus callosum is severed.
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| Polarized | show 🗑
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