aligmentary tract
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| What is esophageal atresia? | incomplete development of the esophagus
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| what is the term for abnormal pathway normally in a hollow organ? | fistulous/fistula
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| Waht does GERD stand for? | gastroesophageal reflux disease
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| What condition causes backward flow or reflux of gastric and sometimes duodenal contents into the esophagus? | GERD
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| What is the primary cause of esophagitis? | GERD
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| What is caused when the LES is relaxed too much? | GERD
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| What foods are avoided due to GERD? | chocolate, peppermint, caffenine, alcohol, spicy and acidic foods
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| T/F: atresia only occurs in the esophagus. | false; it can happen anywhere in the alimentary tract
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| What is an outpouching of one or more layers of the esophageal wall? | diverticula
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| What is the pleural term for more than one diverticulum? | diverticula
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| What is the condition where diverticula become inflammed? | diverticulitis
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| What are the two types of esophageal diverticula? | 1) traction 2)pulsion
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| What is the difference between traction and pulsion diverticula? | *traction- is radiographically seen more "triangular" and results from scar tissue that toughens and pulls on esophagus *pulsion- radiographically more "rounded"; results of increased pressure from hollow organ
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| Which diverticula can result from disease that pulls on the esophagus? | traction diverticula
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| Which diverticulum occurs more frequently in upper and lower thirds of the esophagus? | pulsion
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| What are the two types of pulsion diverticula? | *zenker's *epiphrenic
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| Which pulsion diverticulum is located at the pharnygoesophageal junction and is usually wider than the esophagus? | zenker's diverticulum
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| Which pulsion diverticulum is located just above the diaphragm? | epiphrenic
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| What is the relationship between the size of the diverticulum and the pain the patient experiences? | the larger the diverticulum; the more symptomatic they are.
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| What is narrowing of the esophagus, can result of reflux esophagitis and can look like parastolisis? | benign stricture of the esophagus
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| What is esophageal candidiasis? | yeast infection; if sick or taking antibiotics can become infected.
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| What does esophageal candidiasis look like radiographically? | mucosal irregularity, shaggy appearance
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| What is candidiasis of the oral cavity called? | thrush
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| What is dysphagia? | difficulty swallowing
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| What is odynophagia? | painful swallowing
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| How are benign strictures treated? | esophageal dilation with endoscopy: inflating a small balloon or tapered plastic dialators to stretch esophagus; repeated process
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| What are two different names for Achalasia? | "mega esophagus" "cardiac stenosis"
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| What is achalasia? | neuromuscular disorder; cardiac sphincter fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction & esophagus becoming dilated
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| What two organs does the cardiac spincter separate? | esophagus from the stomach
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| What does achalasia look like radiographically? | "birds beak"; esohpagus looks extremely dilated, lacks peristalsis
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| What is halitosis? | bad breath
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| What condition has "fullness" sensation behind the sternum, progressive dysphasia, and severe halitosis? | achalasia
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| What are varicose veins in submucosal layer of the esophagus? | esophageal varices
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| What does esophageal varices look like radiographically? | long serpentine filling defects; barium has to go around the dilated veins
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| What are the different ways to treat esophageal varices? | *medications: beta blockers *esophageal banding (ligation) *endoscopic sclerotherapy *shunt between portal and hepatic vein *liver transplant
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| What is esophageal banding? | elastic bands placed around the enlarged esophageal veins: used with beta blockers
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| What is the treatment when a chemical is injected into an enlarged vein or into the wall of the esphagus next to the enlarged veins and dissolves them? | endoscopic sclerotherapy
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| What is a hiatal hernia? | protrusion of the stomach through incompetent cardiac spincter in the L hemidiaphragm.
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| What are the different types of hiatal hernias? | *sliding *paraesophageal *mixed
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| Describe a sliding hiatal hernia. | part of the stomach herniates above the diaphragm; can reduce itself back below diaphragm in early stages; most common hiatal hernia
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| What type of hernia is a fixed hiatal hernia? | sliding hiatal hernia
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| What is the common indication of a sliding hiatal hernia? | schatzki's ring
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| What is the schatizki's ring? | marks the position of the site where to esophagus and stomach originally joined
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| T/F: a fixed hiatal hernia can reduce itself. | false; its fixed so its unable to slide back down below the diaphragm
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| Describe a paraesophageal hernia. | the fundus herniates through the diaphragm; esophageal junction remains below the diaphragm
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| Why is the paraesophageal hernia potentially life-threatening? | the risk of volvulus and cutting off blood supply
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| What is the difference between a paraesophageal & sliding hiatal hernia? | sliding hiatal hernia: esophageal junction is above the diaphragm while in a paraesophageal hernia the esophageal junction is below the diaphragm.
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| What is it called when the entire stomach is above the diaphragm? | intrathoracic stomach
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| What is an abnormal connection between any hollow anatomy (organ, vessel, or intestine) with another structure? | fistula
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| What causes a fistula? | injury, surgery, infection or inflammation, congenital
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| What is tertiary peristalsis? | muscle of esophagus contracts & relaxes at will; usually a single wave of peristalsis
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| What does tertiary peristalsis look like radiographically? | corkscrew appearance
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| What is Barrett's esophagus? | normal squamous epithelial esophageal tissue is replaced by tissue similar to intestinal lining; have intestinal metaplasia goblet cells
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| Barrett's esophagus has an increased risk of esophageal _____________. | adenocarcinoma
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| What is the cause of Barrett's esophagus? | complication of long term GERD
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| What is the apple core deformity symbolize? | esophageal cancer
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| What are some names for esophageal cancer? | *napkin-ring defect
*annular lesion
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| What is the cause of esophageal cancer? | idiopathic
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| What is gastritis? | inflammation of the lining or mucosa of the stomach
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| What does gastritis look like radiographically? | thickening of rugal folds
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| What is an ulceration of mucous membrane of esophagus, stomach or duodenum? | peptic ulcer
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| What is a peptic ulcer in the gastric mucosa? | gastric ulcer
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| What is a peptic ulcer situated in the duodenum? | duodenal ulcer
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| What is a peptic ulcer situated in the esophagus? | esophageal ulcer
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| Peptic ulcers may lead to what? | bleeding or perforation
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| What is the primary symptom of ulcers? | epigastric pain: usually relieved by eating but pain returns when stomach is empty.
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| What is the bacteria that usually causes ulcers? | helicobacter pylori
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| What happens if barium leaks from a gastric ulcer that perforates? | *may leak into venous circulation which could produce a fatal embolus
*desiccation (dries up)
*intestinal infarction
*peritonitis
*death
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| What is it called when there is removal of distal stomach & pyloric antrum then resected to the jejunum? | gastrojejunostomy
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| What is it called when there is complete removal of the stomach; esophagus then commented to jejunum? | gastrectomy
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| What is a mass of indigestible material that becomes trapped in the stomach? | bezoar
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| What are the 3 types of bezoars? | *phytobezoar
*trichobezoar
*pharmacobezoar
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| What bezoar is normally formed from fruit/vegetable fibers and is the most common type of bezoar? | phytobezoar
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| What bezoar is composed of hair and is from individuals who have a complusive desire to eat hair? | trichobezoar
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| Which bezoar is from medications that don't properly dissolve in the digestive tract; an example is vitamins? | pharmacobezoar
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| What are the options of treating bezoars? | *medications to help dissolve mass
*surgery
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| What is the most common cause for diverticulosis? | congential
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| What is malrotation? | when intestines are not in normal position
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| Radiographically, what condition shows up as a "double bubble"? | duodenal atresia
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| What is another name for bowel obstruction? | ileus
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| Where can an ileus occur? | small and large bowel
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| What are the two types of bowel obstructions? | *adynamic/paralytic ileus
*mechanical/ obstructive ileus
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| What is the difference between the two types of bowel obstructions? | *adynamic/paralytic ileus: neuromuscular paralysis
*mechanical/ obstructive ileus: mechanical blockage
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| Radiographically, what is the difference between the two types of bowel obstruction? | 1) adynamic: gas everywhere
2) mechanical: gas pattern up to point of obstruction
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| If a radiograph has a "step ladder pattern" where is the obstruction? | in the small bowel
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| What is pneumoperitoneum? | air in the perioteneum
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| What is a condition where there is an absence of neurons (ganglion cells) in the bowel wall and prevents the intestines from relaxing properly? | hirschsprung's disease
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| What is another name for hirschsprung's disease? | congenital aganglionic megacolon
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| What happens if hirschsprung's disease is left undiagnosed? | can lead to toxic megacolon
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| What condition refers to the illnesses that cause chronic inflammation in the intestines? | IBD- inflammation bowel disease
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| What are the two types of IBDs? | *Crohn's disease
*Ulcerative colitis
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| What is another name for Crohn's disease? | regional enteritis
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| What is Crohn's disease? | chronic disorder that affects the terminal ileum, but can affect other parts of the intestine; affects all layers of the bowel wall.
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| What are the three basic layers of the small instestines? (inside to outside) | 1. mucosa
2. muscle
3. serosa
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| What is fibrosis of the intestines? | thickening and rigidity of the intestinal wall
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| What does Crohn's disease look like radiographically? | "cobblestone appearance", stricture "string sign", skip lesions, decreased or absent haustral folds
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| Which quadrant is normally affected with Crohn's disease? | RLQ
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| T/F: Crohn's disease can increase the risk of fistulas. | true
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| What is Ulcerative colitis? | mucosal disease of the colon; affects mucosa and submucosa of the rectosigmoid, begins in the anus & ascends into the rectosigmoid
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| Radiographically, what does ulcerative colitis look like? | "stovepipe sign"/ lead pipe, lack of haustral sacculations in descending colon
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| Which is more common, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis? | ulcerative colitis
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| What is it called when the colon and rectum are removed; small intestine is attached to the anal canal? | ileoanal anastomosis/ "J pouch"
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| What is it called when the colon and rectum is removed and a stoma is created? | protocolectomy w/ ileostomy
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| Which IBD type increases the risk for megacolon? | ulcerative colitis
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| T/F: IBS is an inflammation disease. | false; IBD is an inflammation disease; IBS is a functional disorder
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| What IBS stand for? | Irritable bowel syndrome
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| What is a fistula? | an abnormal connection between 2 organs or vessels
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| What is extreme inflammation & distention of colon? | toxic megacolon
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| What is the twisting or folding of the colon? | volvulus
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| What has the coffee bean appearance? | volvulus
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| What are masses of tissue arising from the bowel wall to project inward into the lumen? | colon polyps
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| What are the two types of polyps? | sessile & pedunculated
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