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Pathology Unit 2
aligmentary tract
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is esophageal atresia? | incomplete development of the esophagus |
| what is the term for abnormal pathway normally in a hollow organ? | fistulous/fistula |
| Waht does GERD stand for? | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| What condition causes backward flow or reflux of gastric and sometimes duodenal contents into the esophagus? | GERD |
| What is the primary cause of esophagitis? | GERD |
| What is caused when the LES is relaxed too much? | GERD |
| What foods are avoided due to GERD? | chocolate, peppermint, caffenine, alcohol, spicy and acidic foods |
| T/F: atresia only occurs in the esophagus. | false; it can happen anywhere in the alimentary tract |
| What is an outpouching of one or more layers of the esophageal wall? | diverticula |
| What is the pleural term for more than one diverticulum? | diverticula |
| What is the condition where diverticula become inflammed? | diverticulitis |
| What are the two types of esophageal diverticula? | 1) traction 2)pulsion |
| What is the difference between traction and pulsion diverticula? | *traction- is radiographically seen more "triangular" and results from scar tissue that toughens and pulls on esophagus *pulsion- radiographically more "rounded"; results of increased pressure from hollow organ |
| Which diverticula can result from disease that pulls on the esophagus? | traction diverticula |
| Which diverticulum occurs more frequently in upper and lower thirds of the esophagus? | pulsion |
| What are the two types of pulsion diverticula? | *zenker's *epiphrenic |
| Which pulsion diverticulum is located at the pharnygoesophageal junction and is usually wider than the esophagus? | zenker's diverticulum |
| Which pulsion diverticulum is located just above the diaphragm? | epiphrenic |
| What is the relationship between the size of the diverticulum and the pain the patient experiences? | the larger the diverticulum; the more symptomatic they are. |
| What is narrowing of the esophagus, can result of reflux esophagitis and can look like parastolisis? | benign stricture of the esophagus |
| What is esophageal candidiasis? | yeast infection; if sick or taking antibiotics can become infected. |
| What does esophageal candidiasis look like radiographically? | mucosal irregularity, shaggy appearance |
| What is candidiasis of the oral cavity called? | thrush |
| What is dysphagia? | difficulty swallowing |
| What is odynophagia? | painful swallowing |
| How are benign strictures treated? | esophageal dilation with endoscopy: inflating a small balloon or tapered plastic dialators to stretch esophagus; repeated process |
| What are two different names for Achalasia? | "mega esophagus" "cardiac stenosis" |
| What is achalasia? | neuromuscular disorder; cardiac sphincter fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction & esophagus becoming dilated |
| What two organs does the cardiac spincter separate? | esophagus from the stomach |
| What does achalasia look like radiographically? | "birds beak"; esohpagus looks extremely dilated, lacks peristalsis |
| What is halitosis? | bad breath |
| What condition has "fullness" sensation behind the sternum, progressive dysphasia, and severe halitosis? | achalasia |
| What are varicose veins in submucosal layer of the esophagus? | esophageal varices |
| What does esophageal varices look like radiographically? | long serpentine filling defects; barium has to go around the dilated veins |
| What are the different ways to treat esophageal varices? | *medications: beta blockers *esophageal banding (ligation) *endoscopic sclerotherapy *shunt between portal and hepatic vein *liver transplant |
| What is esophageal banding? | elastic bands placed around the enlarged esophageal veins: used with beta blockers |
| What is the treatment when a chemical is injected into an enlarged vein or into the wall of the esphagus next to the enlarged veins and dissolves them? | endoscopic sclerotherapy |
| What is a hiatal hernia? | protrusion of the stomach through incompetent cardiac spincter in the L hemidiaphragm. |
| What are the different types of hiatal hernias? | *sliding *paraesophageal *mixed |
| Describe a sliding hiatal hernia. | part of the stomach herniates above the diaphragm; can reduce itself back below diaphragm in early stages; most common hiatal hernia |
| What type of hernia is a fixed hiatal hernia? | sliding hiatal hernia |
| What is the common indication of a sliding hiatal hernia? | schatzki's ring |
| What is the schatizki's ring? | marks the position of the site where to esophagus and stomach originally joined |
| T/F: a fixed hiatal hernia can reduce itself. | false; its fixed so its unable to slide back down below the diaphragm |
| Describe a paraesophageal hernia. | the fundus herniates through the diaphragm; esophageal junction remains below the diaphragm |
| Why is the paraesophageal hernia potentially life-threatening? | the risk of volvulus and cutting off blood supply |
| What is the difference between a paraesophageal & sliding hiatal hernia? | sliding hiatal hernia: esophageal junction is above the diaphragm while in a paraesophageal hernia the esophageal junction is below the diaphragm. |
| What is it called when the entire stomach is above the diaphragm? | intrathoracic stomach |
| What is an abnormal connection between any hollow anatomy (organ, vessel, or intestine) with another structure? | fistula |
| What causes a fistula? | injury, surgery, infection or inflammation, congenital |
| What is tertiary peristalsis? | muscle of esophagus contracts & relaxes at will; usually a single wave of peristalsis |
| What does tertiary peristalsis look like radiographically? | corkscrew appearance |
| What is Barrett's esophagus? | normal squamous epithelial esophageal tissue is replaced by tissue similar to intestinal lining; have intestinal metaplasia goblet cells |
| Barrett's esophagus has an increased risk of esophageal _____________. | adenocarcinoma |
| What is the cause of Barrett's esophagus? | complication of long term GERD |
| What is the apple core deformity symbolize? | esophageal cancer |
| What are some names for esophageal cancer? | *napkin-ring defect *annular lesion |
| What is the cause of esophageal cancer? | idiopathic |
| What is gastritis? | inflammation of the lining or mucosa of the stomach |
| What does gastritis look like radiographically? | thickening of rugal folds |
| What is an ulceration of mucous membrane of esophagus, stomach or duodenum? | peptic ulcer |
| What is a peptic ulcer in the gastric mucosa? | gastric ulcer |
| What is a peptic ulcer situated in the duodenum? | duodenal ulcer |
| What is a peptic ulcer situated in the esophagus? | esophageal ulcer |
| Peptic ulcers may lead to what? | bleeding or perforation |
| What is the primary symptom of ulcers? | epigastric pain: usually relieved by eating but pain returns when stomach is empty. |
| What is the bacteria that usually causes ulcers? | helicobacter pylori |
| What happens if barium leaks from a gastric ulcer that perforates? | *may leak into venous circulation which could produce a fatal embolus *desiccation (dries up) *intestinal infarction *peritonitis *death |
| What is it called when there is removal of distal stomach & pyloric antrum then resected to the jejunum? | gastrojejunostomy |
| What is it called when there is complete removal of the stomach; esophagus then commented to jejunum? | gastrectomy |
| What is a mass of indigestible material that becomes trapped in the stomach? | bezoar |
| What are the 3 types of bezoars? | *phytobezoar *trichobezoar *pharmacobezoar |
| What bezoar is normally formed from fruit/vegetable fibers and is the most common type of bezoar? | phytobezoar |
| What bezoar is composed of hair and is from individuals who have a complusive desire to eat hair? | trichobezoar |
| Which bezoar is from medications that don't properly dissolve in the digestive tract; an example is vitamins? | pharmacobezoar |
| What are the options of treating bezoars? | *medications to help dissolve mass *surgery |
| What is the most common cause for diverticulosis? | congential |
| What is malrotation? | when intestines are not in normal position |
| Radiographically, what condition shows up as a "double bubble"? | duodenal atresia |
| What is another name for bowel obstruction? | ileus |
| Where can an ileus occur? | small and large bowel |
| What are the two types of bowel obstructions? | *adynamic/paralytic ileus *mechanical/ obstructive ileus |
| What is the difference between the two types of bowel obstructions? | *adynamic/paralytic ileus: neuromuscular paralysis *mechanical/ obstructive ileus: mechanical blockage |
| Radiographically, what is the difference between the two types of bowel obstruction? | 1) adynamic: gas everywhere 2) mechanical: gas pattern up to point of obstruction |
| If a radiograph has a "step ladder pattern" where is the obstruction? | in the small bowel |
| What is pneumoperitoneum? | air in the perioteneum |
| What is a condition where there is an absence of neurons (ganglion cells) in the bowel wall and prevents the intestines from relaxing properly? | hirschsprung's disease |
| What is another name for hirschsprung's disease? | congenital aganglionic megacolon |
| What happens if hirschsprung's disease is left undiagnosed? | can lead to toxic megacolon |
| What condition refers to the illnesses that cause chronic inflammation in the intestines? | IBD- inflammation bowel disease |
| What are the two types of IBDs? | *Crohn's disease *Ulcerative colitis |
| What is another name for Crohn's disease? | regional enteritis |
| What is Crohn's disease? | chronic disorder that affects the terminal ileum, but can affect other parts of the intestine; affects all layers of the bowel wall. |
| What are the three basic layers of the small instestines? (inside to outside) | 1. mucosa 2. muscle 3. serosa |
| What is fibrosis of the intestines? | thickening and rigidity of the intestinal wall |
| What does Crohn's disease look like radiographically? | "cobblestone appearance", stricture "string sign", skip lesions, decreased or absent haustral folds |
| Which quadrant is normally affected with Crohn's disease? | RLQ |
| T/F: Crohn's disease can increase the risk of fistulas. | true |
| What is Ulcerative colitis? | mucosal disease of the colon; affects mucosa and submucosa of the rectosigmoid, begins in the anus & ascends into the rectosigmoid |
| Radiographically, what does ulcerative colitis look like? | "stovepipe sign"/ lead pipe, lack of haustral sacculations in descending colon |
| Which is more common, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis? | ulcerative colitis |
| What is it called when the colon and rectum are removed; small intestine is attached to the anal canal? | ileoanal anastomosis/ "J pouch" |
| What is it called when the colon and rectum is removed and a stoma is created? | protocolectomy w/ ileostomy |
| Which IBD type increases the risk for megacolon? | ulcerative colitis |
| T/F: IBS is an inflammation disease. | false; IBD is an inflammation disease; IBS is a functional disorder |
| What IBS stand for? | Irritable bowel syndrome |
| What is a fistula? | an abnormal connection between 2 organs or vessels |
| What is extreme inflammation & distention of colon? | toxic megacolon |
| What is the twisting or folding of the colon? | volvulus |
| What has the coffee bean appearance? | volvulus |
| What are masses of tissue arising from the bowel wall to project inward into the lumen? | colon polyps |
| What are the two types of polyps? | sessile & pedunculated |
Created by:
mokapis
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