Biology 121, protists, bacteria, fungi
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| Domain Archaea | Extremophiles-thermo, Halobacterium,sulfolobus,
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| Methanogens (archea) | produce methane, anaerobic
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| Domain Bacteria | majority of prokaryotic
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| Prokaryote Characteristics | Unicellular, lack nuclear envelope, lack membrane enclosed organelles, have cell wall (peptidoglycan-Bacteria), Circular Chromosome
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| autotrophs | self feeder
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| hetertrophs | other feeder
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| gram positive | purple,
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| gram negative | more complex cell wall, red, anti biotic resistant
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| Proteobacteria | -gram negative
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| alpha (proto bacteria) | rhizobium, agrobacterium
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| Gamma (proto bacteria) | legionella, salmonella, vibrio Cholerae,
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| Delta (proto bacteria) | myxobacteria, bdelovibros- predators
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| Epsilon (proto bacteria) | helicobacter, stomach
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| Chlamidas(bacteria) | blindness, STD
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| Spirochetes(bacteria) | Free living, also syphills, lyme disease
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| Cyanobacteria | PS, fresh and marine phytoplankton, N-fixation
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| Gram positive | branched chains, actinomycetes- soil, but leprosy/tuberculosis, streptomycin- antibiotic, also anthrax, botulism, staph,strep, mycoplasmas-no cell wall
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| Importance of Bacteria | N-Fixers and other mutualizes
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| Importance of bacteria | intestinal bacteria synthesize human vitamins
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| Importance of bacteria | decomposition
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| importance of bacteria | engineered antibiotics and hormones
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| importance of bacteria | cheese and yogurts, transgenic plants, bioremediation, mining metal ore
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| Bad things of bacteria | a pathogen that is 1/2 of human disease
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| bad things of bacteris | endo and exo toxins
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| kingdom fungi | molds, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, yeasts, lichens, mychorrhizae
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| general characteristics of fungi | Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, absorptive, secrete enzyme, break down OM, cell walls made of chitin, mostly multicellular, non motile, evolved rom aquatic, unicellular, flagellated protist
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| hyphae | tubular cells, cell walls wit chitin
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| mycelium | network of hyphae, infiltrate food source max SA
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| plasmogamy | fusion of cytoplasm (fungi sex)
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| karyogamy | fusion of 22 nuclei (fungi sex)
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| phylum chytridiomycota (fungi) | lakes and soils, decomposers/parasites, amphinians decline, sheep guts
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| phylum zygomycota (fungi) | molds for breads fruits, philobus aiming sporangia
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| phylum glomeromycota (fungi) | ,arbuscular, mycorrhizae, (90% of plants)
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| Phylum Ascomycota (fungi) | marine, fresh water, terrestrial, produce spores in sac like ascu, truffle morels, plant pathogens, yeast, athletes foot, ergot, lichens
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| Phylum Basidomycota (fungi) | mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mycorrhizae, rustsm smuts, decomposers- wood
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| importance of fungi | bakers yeast, brewers yeast, decomposers, morels, truffles, cheeses (blue, roquefort), penicillin, mychorrhizae
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| bad things about fungi | plant pathogens, dutch elm disease,
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| mutualism (fungi) | mycorrhizae vs nutrients,
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| mutualism (fungi) | lichen/ algae cyanobacteria. PS N-fixing
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| Mutualism (fungi) | animal fungi- guts of grazing animals
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| General characteristics of protists | Eukaryotic, uicellular-extremly specialized, habitats-world wide, damp to aquatics, reprodroduction- most asexual, nutrition- autotroph, hetertroph, mixotroph, movement- flagellates, cillates, amoebas, sporazoan, taxonomic organization.
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| monophyletic group | common ancestor, all descendants
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| paraphyletic group | common ancestor, some but not all descendants
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| polyphyletic group | 2 or more ancestors
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| Excavata | lack plastids, modified mitochondria, anaerobic flagella
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| Diplomonads | (excavata) mary parasitic, giardia, infects mammalian intestines, transmitted via contaminated water, 2 nuclei 4 pair of flagella.
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| Parabasalids | (excavata) trichomonas vaginalis, infects human vagina, sexually transmitted, affects pregnancy, 5 flagella, undulation membrane
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| Euglenozoans | (excavata)- crystalline rod in flagella
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| kineotoplast- | 1 mitochondria w/ organized mass of DNA, trypanosome, (sleeping sickness) infects human blood lymph, nervous system, tsere fly, evades immune cyst, coat protine
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| euglinids | flagella, mixotroph phagocytic
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| Chromaveolata | engulfed a red algea (color, alveli)
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| dinoflagellates | (chromalveolata) 2 flagella, cells reinforced by cellulose plates, phytoplankton, red tides, marine and fresh water, auto/hetertrophic, bioluminescence
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| apicomplexans | (chromaveolata) animal, parasites, apex- complex of organelles for penetrating host, malaria (plasmodium) infects humans and mosquitos (2-host life cycle) sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes, yore, oocyst
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| Ciliates | (chromalveolata) paramecium, use cilia to move and feed, micronuclei- daily function,, micronuclei-reproduction, conjugation exchange haploid micronuclei
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| Diatoms | (chromalveolata)(stramenophiles)- marine and fresh water, unicellular, pigment CHL A+C, carotenoids, fucoxanthin (gold brown carotenoids) silica in cell wall, 2 halves(box) reproduce - asexual, storage compounds-laminarin, lipids, 25% phytoplankton.
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| Golden Algea | (Chromaveolata) mixotrophs, phytoplankton
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| oomycetes | (chromalveolata) water molds, white rusts, powdery mildew, potato blight, cells with cellulose, once thought to be fungi,
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| Brown algea | (chromalveolata)- dominate costal areas- fucus (rock weed)"seaweeds" exchange increases differentiation, thallus-holdfast, stripe, blades, conduction cells,flats Dichotomous branching, CHL A+C, carotenoids, fucoxanthin, (see binder for more)
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| Rhizaria | amoebas, pseudopods, hetertrophs
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| Cercozoans | (rhizaria) ameoboid and flagellated, marine FW, soil, also mixotrophs
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| forams | (rhizaria)"little hole" pseudopods thru, external CACO3 shells, marine and FW, sedimentary, symbiotic algea
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| Radiolarins | (rhizaria) central body, internal silica skeletons, micro tubules radiate out, marine
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| Red algae | (archaeplastida)- rhodos, phyta, pigments CHL A, phycerythrin, color- black to green, good at extracting what little light penetrates, stores cellulose in cell walls, important use in creams
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| Chlorophytes | (archaeplastida)- green algae, CHL A+B carotenoids, starch, cell walls, cellulose, unicellular, filamentous, multicellular, increases in size and complexity, specialization most fresh water
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| Unikonta | amoebas with lobe/ tube shaped pseudopods, animal/ fungi hetertrophs, decomposers
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| Slime molds | (unikonta) solitary, then group, Plasmodial-bright colors..2n plasmodium- super cell,,, cellular- single cell-food scarce- affregate,n soil free living and parasitic
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| Gymamoebas | (Unikonta) soil, FWm marine, heterotrophs
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| Entamoebas | Parasites,E. histoytica-dysentry
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