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Bio
Biology 121, protists, bacteria, fungi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Domain Archaea | Extremophiles-thermo, Halobacterium,sulfolobus, |
| Methanogens (archea) | produce methane, anaerobic |
| Domain Bacteria | majority of prokaryotic |
| Prokaryote Characteristics | Unicellular, lack nuclear envelope, lack membrane enclosed organelles, have cell wall (peptidoglycan-Bacteria), Circular Chromosome |
| autotrophs | self feeder |
| hetertrophs | other feeder |
| gram positive | purple, |
| gram negative | more complex cell wall, red, anti biotic resistant |
| Proteobacteria | -gram negative |
| alpha (proto bacteria) | rhizobium, agrobacterium |
| Gamma (proto bacteria) | legionella, salmonella, vibrio Cholerae, |
| Delta (proto bacteria) | myxobacteria, bdelovibros- predators |
| Epsilon (proto bacteria) | helicobacter, stomach |
| Chlamidas(bacteria) | blindness, STD |
| Spirochetes(bacteria) | Free living, also syphills, lyme disease |
| Cyanobacteria | PS, fresh and marine phytoplankton, N-fixation |
| Gram positive | branched chains, actinomycetes- soil, but leprosy/tuberculosis, streptomycin- antibiotic, also anthrax, botulism, staph,strep, mycoplasmas-no cell wall |
| Importance of Bacteria | N-Fixers and other mutualizes |
| Importance of bacteria | intestinal bacteria synthesize human vitamins |
| Importance of bacteria | decomposition |
| importance of bacteria | engineered antibiotics and hormones |
| importance of bacteria | cheese and yogurts, transgenic plants, bioremediation, mining metal ore |
| Bad things of bacteria | a pathogen that is 1/2 of human disease |
| bad things of bacteris | endo and exo toxins |
| kingdom fungi | molds, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, yeasts, lichens, mychorrhizae |
| general characteristics of fungi | Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, absorptive, secrete enzyme, break down OM, cell walls made of chitin, mostly multicellular, non motile, evolved rom aquatic, unicellular, flagellated protist |
| hyphae | tubular cells, cell walls wit chitin |
| mycelium | network of hyphae, infiltrate food source max SA |
| plasmogamy | fusion of cytoplasm (fungi sex) |
| karyogamy | fusion of 22 nuclei (fungi sex) |
| phylum chytridiomycota (fungi) | lakes and soils, decomposers/parasites, amphinians decline, sheep guts |
| phylum zygomycota (fungi) | molds for breads fruits, philobus aiming sporangia |
| phylum glomeromycota (fungi) | ,arbuscular, mycorrhizae, (90% of plants) |
| Phylum Ascomycota (fungi) | marine, fresh water, terrestrial, produce spores in sac like ascu, truffle morels, plant pathogens, yeast, athletes foot, ergot, lichens |
| Phylum Basidomycota (fungi) | mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mycorrhizae, rustsm smuts, decomposers- wood |
| importance of fungi | bakers yeast, brewers yeast, decomposers, morels, truffles, cheeses (blue, roquefort), penicillin, mychorrhizae |
| bad things about fungi | plant pathogens, dutch elm disease, |
| mutualism (fungi) | mycorrhizae vs nutrients, |
| mutualism (fungi) | lichen/ algae cyanobacteria. PS N-fixing |
| Mutualism (fungi) | animal fungi- guts of grazing animals |
| General characteristics of protists | Eukaryotic, uicellular-extremly specialized, habitats-world wide, damp to aquatics, reprodroduction- most asexual, nutrition- autotroph, hetertroph, mixotroph, movement- flagellates, cillates, amoebas, sporazoan, taxonomic organization. |
| monophyletic group | common ancestor, all descendants |
| paraphyletic group | common ancestor, some but not all descendants |
| polyphyletic group | 2 or more ancestors |
| Excavata | lack plastids, modified mitochondria, anaerobic flagella |
| Diplomonads | (excavata) mary parasitic, giardia, infects mammalian intestines, transmitted via contaminated water, 2 nuclei 4 pair of flagella. |
| Parabasalids | (excavata) trichomonas vaginalis, infects human vagina, sexually transmitted, affects pregnancy, 5 flagella, undulation membrane |
| Euglenozoans | (excavata)- crystalline rod in flagella |
| kineotoplast- | 1 mitochondria w/ organized mass of DNA, trypanosome, (sleeping sickness) infects human blood lymph, nervous system, tsere fly, evades immune cyst, coat protine |
| euglinids | flagella, mixotroph phagocytic |
| Chromaveolata | engulfed a red algea (color, alveli) |
| dinoflagellates | (chromalveolata) 2 flagella, cells reinforced by cellulose plates, phytoplankton, red tides, marine and fresh water, auto/hetertrophic, bioluminescence |
| apicomplexans | (chromaveolata) animal, parasites, apex- complex of organelles for penetrating host, malaria (plasmodium) infects humans and mosquitos (2-host life cycle) sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes, yore, oocyst |
| Ciliates | (chromalveolata) paramecium, use cilia to move and feed, micronuclei- daily function,, micronuclei-reproduction, conjugation exchange haploid micronuclei |
| Diatoms | (chromalveolata)(stramenophiles)- marine and fresh water, unicellular, pigment CHL A+C, carotenoids, fucoxanthin (gold brown carotenoids) silica in cell wall, 2 halves(box) reproduce - asexual, storage compounds-laminarin, lipids, 25% phytoplankton. |
| Golden Algea | (Chromaveolata) mixotrophs, phytoplankton |
| oomycetes | (chromalveolata) water molds, white rusts, powdery mildew, potato blight, cells with cellulose, once thought to be fungi, |
| Brown algea | (chromalveolata)- dominate costal areas- fucus (rock weed)"seaweeds" exchange increases differentiation, thallus-holdfast, stripe, blades, conduction cells,flats Dichotomous branching, CHL A+C, carotenoids, fucoxanthin, (see binder for more) |
| Rhizaria | amoebas, pseudopods, hetertrophs |
| Cercozoans | (rhizaria) ameoboid and flagellated, marine FW, soil, also mixotrophs |
| forams | (rhizaria)"little hole" pseudopods thru, external CACO3 shells, marine and FW, sedimentary, symbiotic algea |
| Radiolarins | (rhizaria) central body, internal silica skeletons, micro tubules radiate out, marine |
| Red algae | (archaeplastida)- rhodos, phyta, pigments CHL A, phycerythrin, color- black to green, good at extracting what little light penetrates, stores cellulose in cell walls, important use in creams |
| Chlorophytes | (archaeplastida)- green algae, CHL A+B carotenoids, starch, cell walls, cellulose, unicellular, filamentous, multicellular, increases in size and complexity, specialization most fresh water |
| Unikonta | amoebas with lobe/ tube shaped pseudopods, animal/ fungi hetertrophs, decomposers |
| Slime molds | (unikonta) solitary, then group, Plasmodial-bright colors..2n plasmodium- super cell,,, cellular- single cell-food scarce- affregate,n soil free living and parasitic |
| Gymamoebas | (Unikonta) soil, FWm marine, heterotrophs |
| Entamoebas | Parasites,E. histoytica-dysentry |
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