Communication and Physical Assessment of Child
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| interviewing | a specific form of goal directed communication
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| triage | nurses are responsible for assessing children's symptoms and applying clinical judgement for further medical care via telephone report
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| perlcutionary stage (communicative development) | (0 to 8-9 mos)l child shows reflexive to stimuli; child shows increasing purpose in action
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| emerging illocutionary stage (communicative development) | (8-9 to 12-15 most) child communication intentionally w/ signals and gestures
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| conventional illocutionary-emerging locutionary stage (communicative development) | (12-15 to 18-24 mos); child communicates intentionally w/ gestures, vocalizations, and verbalizations
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| egocentric | children younger than 5yrs; they see things only in relation to themselves and from their point of view
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| direct (hx taking) | the nurse asks for information via direct interview the informant
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| indirect (hx taking) | the informant supplies the information by completing some type of questionnaire
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| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | are a set of four nutrient based reference values that provide quantitative estimates of nutrient intake for use in assessing and planning dietary intake
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| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) | specific DRI; nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirement half the healthy individuals (50%) for a specific age and gender group
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| Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) | specific DRI; average daily dietary intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy individuals for a specific age and gender group
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| Adequate Intake (AI) | specific DRI; recommended intake level based on estimates of nutrient intake by healthy groups of individuals
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| Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) | specific DRI; highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects; as intake increases above the UL, risk of adverse effects increases
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| anthropometry | an essential parameter of nutritional status, is the measurement of height, weight, head circumference, proportions, skinfold thickness, and arm circumference in you children
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| biochemical tests | available for assessing nutritional status and include analysis of plasma; blood cells; urine; and tissues from liver, bone, hair, and fingernails
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| length | also called recumbent length; refers to the length taken when children are supine
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| height (stature) | refers to the measurement taken when a child is standing upright
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| skinfold thickness | one convenient measure of body fat; measure w/ special calipers at the most common site, triceps, subscapula, suprailiac, abdomen, and upper thigh
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| arm circumference | an indirect measure of muscle mass
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| head circumference | measure head circumference up to 36 months of age and in any child whose head is questionable
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| Birth to 2 years (temp routes) | axillary; rectal- if definitive temperature reading is needed for infants older than 1 months of age
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| 2 to 5 years(temp routes) | axillary; tympanic; oral- when child can hold thermometer under tongue; rectal- if definitive reading is needed
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| Older than 5 years (temp routes) | oral, axillary, tympanic
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| core temperature | most closely reflects the temperature of the blood flow through the carotid arteries to the hypothalmus
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| normothermia | a normal temperature state; when a child;s temperature is altered, receptors in the skin, spinal cord, and brain respond in attempt to achieve a normal state
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| electronic intermittent thermometers | measure the pts temp at oral, rectal, and axillary sites; these are used as primary diagnostic indicators
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| infrared thermometers | measure the pts temp by collecting emitted thermal radiation from a particular site (e.g., ear canal)
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| electronic continuous thermometer | measure the pts thermometer during administration of general anesthesia, treatments of hypothermia or hyperthermia, and other situations that require continuous monitoring
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| apical impulse | heard through a stethoscope held to the chest at the apex of the heart (most reliable)
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| oscillometry | pressure changes are transmitted through the arterial wall to the pressure cuff, and the oscillations are detected by a pressure sensitive indicator
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| Doppler ultrasonography | translates changes in ultrasound frequency caused by blood movement w/in the artery to audible sound by means of a transducer in the cuff
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| cuff size | refers only to the inner inflatable bladder, not the cloth covering
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| normotensive | if the BP is below the 90th percentile
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| orthostatic hypotension (OH) | also called postural hypotension or orthostatic intolerance, often manifests as synocope, vertigo, or lightheadedness and is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain (cerebral hypoperfusion)
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