Definitions/Terms for WGU course CVG1
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| ABCESS | a localized pocket of infection or purulent exudate surrounded by inflammation
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| ACETAMINOPHEN | an analgesic for mild pain and antipyretic Does not lessen inflammatory response
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| ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID | Drug taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion
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| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE | May be caused by bilateral acute glomerulonephritis
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| ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE EARLY SIGNS | behavioral changes and inability to reason
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| AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS EARLY SIGNS | weakness and muscle atrophy in upper limbs
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| ANAPHYLAXIS | life-threatening systemic allergic/Type I hypersensitivity reaction due to bronchoconstriction and systemic vasodilation developing rapidly
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| ANGINA PECTORIS | Transient chest pain resulting from myocardial hypoxia when demands on the heart increase or oxygen supply to the heart is impaired
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| ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS | progressive inflammatory condition involving the spine which leads to fibrosis and ankylosis
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| ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENTS | may be prescribed as a temporary relief of Myasthenia Gravis
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| ANTICOAGULENTS | “Blood thinners” used to reduce the risk of blood clot formation in coronary or systemic arteries Heparin, coumadin, streptokinase
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| ANTIHYPERTENSIVES | Classes of drugs used only in the treatment of hypertension
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| ANTIVIRALS | Reduce viral replication
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| AORTIC STENOSIS | Narrowing of aortic valve limits blood leaving the ventricle often diagnosed by heart murmur
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| ASPIRATED MATERIALS | early sign is rapid loss of consciousness
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| ATHERSCLOROSIS | atheromas
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| ATHEROMAS | Development promoted by LDL
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| ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES | Increasing intraventricular pressure causes these valves to close
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| ATROPHY | Degeneration & wasting of tissue, organs, or muscle due to decrease in cell size resulting in a reduced tissue mass
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| AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE | the failure of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self; Type III Hypersensitivity
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| BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE | Can survive high temperatures and dry environment
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| BASILAR FRACTURE | Occurs at the base of the skull
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| B-CELL LYMPHOMA | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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| BIOSYNTHETIC SKIN SUBSTITUTE | - "artificial skin" graft material when skin is damaged
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| ERROR IN BLOOD TYPING | doing this before transfusing leads to erythrocyte hemolysis; Type II hypersensitivity
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| BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA early sign | chronic cough
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| CANCER | malignant neoplasm
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| CARDIAC ARREST | The cessation of all cardiac function
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| CARDIAC ARRHYMIAS | Abnormalities in the conduction system of the heart cause irregular rhythms and decreased cardiac output
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| CARRIER | a person hosting an infectious pathogen, who shows no signs of the disease, but could transit the infection to others (Also may pass on genetic abnormalities while being asymptomatic – i.e. Sickle Cell Trait)
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| CAUSES | the known cause of and factors predisposing to specific diseases
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| CELL | functional and structural unit in the human body
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| PREDISPOSING FACTORS CVAs | •Hypertension; •Diabetes mellitus; •Any form of tobacco use; •History of coronary artery disease; Hemorrhagic CVA has poorest prognosis for recovery.
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| CHLAMYDIA | a common sexually transmitted disease that may cause PID in women
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| CHOLELITHIASIS | gallstones usually in the gallbladder
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| CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS | obstruction by gallstones of the biliary tract
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| COMMINUTED FRACTURE | multiple fracture lines and bone fragments
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| COMPRESSION FRACTURE | common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces
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| COUMADIN | anticoagulant - used to prevent clot formation and extension along with heparin and streptokinase.
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| CULTURE & SENSITIVITY TESTS | identify the type of bacteria and to determine which antibiotics can successfully fight an infection
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| CYSTIC FIBROSIS | Genetic dis. affecting the exocrine glands ->thick mucus obstructing bronchioles, pancreatic and biliary ducts. Children born with cystic fibrosis will have delayed growth and development due to mucus plugs obstructing the flow of pancreatic enzymes.
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| DETACHED RETINA | No pain, but increasing dark area in the visual field
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| DIABETES MELLITUS | rel. deficit of insulin -> hyperglycemia & multiple metabolic abnormalities; can occur when pancreas does not secrete enough insulin or body cells are resistant to insulin's effects –blood glucose level becomes high after the ingestion of carbohydrates
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| DIGOXIN | improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contraction
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| DYSPLASIA | cells vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures
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| EDEMA | accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissue, or cavity, resulting in swelling
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| ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM | diagnostic tool used to both confirm a diagnosis of seizures and classify the type of seizure
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| EMBOLUS/THROMBUS | a mass, e.g., blood clot, air, fat, tumor cells, that breaks away into the circulation and obstructs a blood vessel
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| ENCEPHALITIS | infection often transmitted by mosquitoes
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| ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA EARLY SIGN | minor vaginal bleeding or spotting
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| ENDOMETRIOSIS | presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon
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| ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA | Transmitted by cysts in feces, contaminating food and water
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| EPIDURAL HEMATOMA | contusion, bruise, or clot of blood located between dura and skull
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| EPINEPHRINE | Bronchodilator with rapid action, and short duration
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| EPITHELIAL CELLS | first cells to be most affected by chemo and radiation treatments
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| ETIOLOGY | study of causes of a disease
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| FAT EMBOLI | type of pulmonary emboli from the bone marrow resulting from fracture of a large bone like the femur causing pulmonary inflammation and obstruction
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| FULL-THICKNESS BURN | dry, firm, charred or white surface after burn.
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| FUROSEMIDE (LASIX) - Hydrocholorathyazide | decreases sodium and fluid retention in the body tissues.
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| GENERAL CUTANEOUS VASODILATION | increases peripheral blood flow during periods of the inflammatory process.
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| ACUTE BILATERAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS | may cause acute renal failure
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| GLUCOCORTICOIDS | long-term uses does not give relief of fever, but may result in decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland leading to Cushings disease
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| GREENSTICK FRACTURE | bone is only partially broken, common is softer bones of children
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| GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME | serious autoimmune disorder with inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves leading to ascending paralysis
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| HEMORRHAGIC CVA | blood vessel in part of the brain becomes weak and bursts open, causing blood to leak into the brain. Type of CVA with poorest prognosis for survival.
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| HEPARIN | a substance present in the body to prevent blood clotting – anti-coagulant like coumadin and streptokinase
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| HISTAMINE | chemical mediator released during imflammatory cycle with prostaglandins
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| HIV Postive | HIV and antibodies in the blood, without signs of active infection . HIV infection impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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| HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA | malignancy involving the T-lymphocytes
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| HOST-VERSUS-GRAFT | Transplant rejection - the host/recipient’s immune system rejects the graft/transplanted organ
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| HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE/CHOREA | inherited adult onset disorder; progressive atrophy of brain affects motor & cognitive functions. 1 of 3 genetic diseases w/disorders of biochem. abnormalities involving neurotransmitters of the brain – other two are Bipolar disorders and schizophrenia.
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| UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION | cause ischemia and loss of function to the brain,s kidneys, and retinas
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| HYPERTROPHY OF THE HEART | Increased size of the muscle due to increased size of individual cells
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| INCUBATION PERIOD | time between exposure to microorganism and onset of signs or symptoms
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| ETIOLOGY INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES | genetic and immunologic
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| INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ACTIONS | onset chem mediators from damaged mast cells & platelets..Vasodilation, incr blood flow ->redness & incr heat; exudation/ leakage of plasma proteins, fluid into tissue/edema ->swelling; Vascular chgs: vasodilation, Incr permeability; Incr blood flow
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| INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SIGNS | redness, warmth, swelling, pain, freq loss fx
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| INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION | Leg pain associated with exercise due to muscle ischemia
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| KAPOSI’S SARCOMA | A skin cancer now frequently associated with AIDS
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| LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTPUT | should = right ventricular output in a normal, healthy heart.
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| LESION | specific local change in tissue
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| LEUKEMIAS | form of cancer primarily treated by chemotherapy
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| LOCAL VASOCONSTRICTION | may be achieved by application of ice to a localized injury to reduce edema
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| LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS | Promotes the formation of atheromas
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| MALIGNANT NEOPLASM | cancer
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| MELENA | black, tarry stool caused by bleeding in the digestive tract (not occult blood)
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| MENINGITIS | infection of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord causing increased intracranial pressure and Infection
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| MICROBIAL MUTATION | method by which a virus changes slightly during replication
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| MULTIPLE MYELOMA | cancer involving the plasma cells, which invade the bone marrow, destroying bones in the vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, and skull
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| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | group of chronic progressive disorders, resulting from demyelination in the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves
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| NECROSIS | death or destruction of tissue
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| NEUTROPENIA | deficit of neutrophils in the blood caused by chemo and radiation leading to high risk for infections
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| ORGAN SYSTEM | group of organs performing similar or complimentary functions within the body
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| OSTEODYSTOPHY | Associated with chronic renal failure due to the failure of the kidney to activate Vitamin D.
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| OSTEOPOROSIS | loss of bone density and mass leading to fragile bones and spontaneous fractures
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| OTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION | common adverse effect of anti-hypertensive medications
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| OTORRHEA | seepage of CSF from the ear, especially a purulent one
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| PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME | effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells.
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| EARLY MANIFESTATIONS PARKINSON’S DISEASE | tremors while at rest of the hands and difficulty in initiating voluntary movements.
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| PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE | stress or pressure fractures due to disease , chemo, or radiation
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| CAUSES OF PERICARDITIS (4) | Infection, Abnormal immune responses, Injury, Malignant neoplasms
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| PLEURAL EFFUSION | presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
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| POST-POLIO SYNDROME LATE SIGNS | progressive fatigue and weakness
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| PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE | responding to precise microorganism that immune system has not yet encountered
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| PROGNOSIS | probable outcome of a disease
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| PROSTAGLANDINS | chemical mediator along with histamine
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| PULMONARY EDEMA | causes severe hypoxia because of increasing difficulty in expanding the lungs.
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| PULMONARY EMBOLUS | obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs
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| RAPID HEALING | Promoted by closely approximated edges of a wound
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| REGENERATION | tissue repair through replacement by identical functioning cells
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| REGIONAL ILEITIS | chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the ileum interfering with absorption of proteins and nutrients causing protein and vitamin deficiency
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| RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE - LATE EFFECTS | cardiac arrhythmias and heart murmurs
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| SCAR TISSUE | Consists primarily of collagen fibers
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| SECONDARY POLYCTHEMIA | Associated with severe chronic bronchitis
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| SECRETIN | One of the hormones that is secreted by the duodenum when acidic chyme reaches it and stimulates the pancreas during the digestive process
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| SEROUS EXUDATE | watery secretion
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| SEVERE ADULT RESPIRATORY SYNDROME - SARS | emerging viral infection (coronavirus) that causes severe congestion in the lungs and hypoxia.
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| SHOCK | Decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion
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| SICKLE CELL TRAIT | A person who inherits one defective gene develops only a small amount of HbS
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| SPINA BIFIDA | Folic acids - supplement prescribed to cut down on the incidence
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| SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | painless, malignant tumor of the epidermis
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| STREPTOKINASE | an anticoagulant like heparin, coumadin
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| STROKE VOLUME | amt of blood pumped from one ventricle in one contraction
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| STRUCTURE OF A VIRUS | A protein coat which encases either RNA or DNA
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| SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION | Causes the heart rate to increase
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| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION | slows down heart rate
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| SYPHILIS | Bacterial Infection
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| SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | An autoimmune disease caused by immune complex deposits of antinuclear antibodies and is distinguished clinically by inflammation in multiple organs
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| T-CELL LYMPHOMA | a malignancy involving the T-lymphocytes-first develops in a single lymph node then spreads in an orderly fashion
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| TETRALOGY OF FALLOT | congenital heart defect that includes pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
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| THALASSEMIA | genetic defect in hemoglobin causes premature hemolysis of RBCs and severe anemia
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| TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS | Vascular disorder caused by temporary reductions in blood supply in an area of the brain causing brief impairment of speech or motor function
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| DIRECT TRANSMISSION | touching infectious lesion or sexual intercourse
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| TRICHOMONIASIS SIGNS | inflammation of the vagina with a copious yellow discharge and foul odor
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| UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION | body organs affected - Primarily: kidney, brain, and retinas
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| UREMIC SIGNS OF RENAL FAILURE | include all organs of the uremic system only (but not other organs)
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| VARICOSE VEINS | dilated and tortuous areas of superficial or deep veins in the legs
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| VENTRICULAR OUTPUT | the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute - depends on heart rate and stroke volume – will be equal for right and left ventricle in a normal healthy heart
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| VITAMIN K | required by the liver to synthesize prothrombin
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| YEASTS | microorganisms that cause opportunistic infections
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| BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS | prescribed to decrease the sympathetic stimulation of the heart and reduce the force of contractions.
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| FIBRINOGEN | protein that is formed into solid fibrin strands during the clotting process and forms a fibrin mesh around the area in an attempt to localize the injurious agent
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| HEART MURMUR | Defective valves that leak or do not open completely
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| CONTACT DERMATITIS | skin rash resulting from Type IV hypersensitivity reaction or direct irritation following direct exposure to a substance
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| FEVER | caused by the release of pyrogens during an inflammatory process
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| SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE | responding to an exact repeat of microorganism or virus (not a mutated form)
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| INDIRECT TRANSMISSION | involves intermediary such as a contaminated hand or food, objects
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| VECTOR BORNE TRANSMISSION | insect or animal serves as intermediary host, ie malaria
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| DROPLET/AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION | inhaling respiratory and salivary excretion of infected person directly or indirectly
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| TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY | allergic reaction: hay fever, asthma; histamine & other chemical mediators released which can cause anything from inflammation/pruritus to anaphylaxis
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| TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY | ABO blood incompatability; cyctoxic hypersensitivity; caused by reaction of antigen on blood cells
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| TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY | Immune Complex - autoimmune disorders; antigen & antibody complex deposits in the tissues cause inflammation & vasculitis
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| TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY | Cell-mediated or delayed; contact dermatitis; rash 48-96 hrs after exposure
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