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PathoPharm Terms
Definitions/Terms for WGU course CVG1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ABCESS | a localized pocket of infection or purulent exudate surrounded by inflammation |
| ACETAMINOPHEN | an analgesic for mild pain and antipyretic Does not lessen inflammatory response |
| ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID | Drug taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion |
| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE | May be caused by bilateral acute glomerulonephritis |
| ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE EARLY SIGNS | behavioral changes and inability to reason |
| AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS EARLY SIGNS | weakness and muscle atrophy in upper limbs |
| ANAPHYLAXIS | life-threatening systemic allergic/Type I hypersensitivity reaction due to bronchoconstriction and systemic vasodilation developing rapidly |
| ANGINA PECTORIS | Transient chest pain resulting from myocardial hypoxia when demands on the heart increase or oxygen supply to the heart is impaired |
| ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS | progressive inflammatory condition involving the spine which leads to fibrosis and ankylosis |
| ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENTS | may be prescribed as a temporary relief of Myasthenia Gravis |
| ANTICOAGULENTS | “Blood thinners” used to reduce the risk of blood clot formation in coronary or systemic arteries Heparin, coumadin, streptokinase |
| ANTIHYPERTENSIVES | Classes of drugs used only in the treatment of hypertension |
| ANTIVIRALS | Reduce viral replication |
| AORTIC STENOSIS | Narrowing of aortic valve limits blood leaving the ventricle often diagnosed by heart murmur |
| ASPIRATED MATERIALS | early sign is rapid loss of consciousness |
| ATHERSCLOROSIS | atheromas |
| ATHEROMAS | Development promoted by LDL |
| ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES | Increasing intraventricular pressure causes these valves to close |
| ATROPHY | Degeneration & wasting of tissue, organs, or muscle due to decrease in cell size resulting in a reduced tissue mass |
| AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE | the failure of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self; Type III Hypersensitivity |
| BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE | Can survive high temperatures and dry environment |
| BASILAR FRACTURE | Occurs at the base of the skull |
| B-CELL LYMPHOMA | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| BIOSYNTHETIC SKIN SUBSTITUTE | - "artificial skin" graft material when skin is damaged |
| ERROR IN BLOOD TYPING | doing this before transfusing leads to erythrocyte hemolysis; Type II hypersensitivity |
| BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA early sign | chronic cough |
| CANCER | malignant neoplasm |
| CARDIAC ARREST | The cessation of all cardiac function |
| CARDIAC ARRHYMIAS | Abnormalities in the conduction system of the heart cause irregular rhythms and decreased cardiac output |
| CARRIER | a person hosting an infectious pathogen, who shows no signs of the disease, but could transit the infection to others (Also may pass on genetic abnormalities while being asymptomatic – i.e. Sickle Cell Trait) |
| CAUSES | the known cause of and factors predisposing to specific diseases |
| CELL | functional and structural unit in the human body |
| PREDISPOSING FACTORS CVAs | •Hypertension; •Diabetes mellitus; •Any form of tobacco use; •History of coronary artery disease; Hemorrhagic CVA has poorest prognosis for recovery. |
| CHLAMYDIA | a common sexually transmitted disease that may cause PID in women |
| CHOLELITHIASIS | gallstones usually in the gallbladder |
| CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS | obstruction by gallstones of the biliary tract |
| COMMINUTED FRACTURE | multiple fracture lines and bone fragments |
| COMPRESSION FRACTURE | common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces |
| COUMADIN | anticoagulant - used to prevent clot formation and extension along with heparin and streptokinase. |
| CULTURE & SENSITIVITY TESTS | identify the type of bacteria and to determine which antibiotics can successfully fight an infection |
| CYSTIC FIBROSIS | Genetic dis. affecting the exocrine glands ->thick mucus obstructing bronchioles, pancreatic and biliary ducts. Children born with cystic fibrosis will have delayed growth and development due to mucus plugs obstructing the flow of pancreatic enzymes. |
| DETACHED RETINA | No pain, but increasing dark area in the visual field |
| DIABETES MELLITUS | rel. deficit of insulin -> hyperglycemia & multiple metabolic abnormalities; can occur when pancreas does not secrete enough insulin or body cells are resistant to insulin's effects –blood glucose level becomes high after the ingestion of carbohydrates |
| DIGOXIN | improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contraction |
| DYSPLASIA | cells vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures |
| EDEMA | accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissue, or cavity, resulting in swelling |
| ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM | diagnostic tool used to both confirm a diagnosis of seizures and classify the type of seizure |
| EMBOLUS/THROMBUS | a mass, e.g., blood clot, air, fat, tumor cells, that breaks away into the circulation and obstructs a blood vessel |
| ENCEPHALITIS | infection often transmitted by mosquitoes |
| ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA EARLY SIGN | minor vaginal bleeding or spotting |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS | presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon |
| ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA | Transmitted by cysts in feces, contaminating food and water |
| EPIDURAL HEMATOMA | contusion, bruise, or clot of blood located between dura and skull |
| EPINEPHRINE | Bronchodilator with rapid action, and short duration |
| EPITHELIAL CELLS | first cells to be most affected by chemo and radiation treatments |
| ETIOLOGY | study of causes of a disease |
| FAT EMBOLI | type of pulmonary emboli from the bone marrow resulting from fracture of a large bone like the femur causing pulmonary inflammation and obstruction |
| FULL-THICKNESS BURN | dry, firm, charred or white surface after burn. |
| FUROSEMIDE (LASIX) - Hydrocholorathyazide | decreases sodium and fluid retention in the body tissues. |
| GENERAL CUTANEOUS VASODILATION | increases peripheral blood flow during periods of the inflammatory process. |
| ACUTE BILATERAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS | may cause acute renal failure |
| GLUCOCORTICOIDS | long-term uses does not give relief of fever, but may result in decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland leading to Cushings disease |
| GREENSTICK FRACTURE | bone is only partially broken, common is softer bones of children |
| GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME | serious autoimmune disorder with inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves leading to ascending paralysis |
| HEMORRHAGIC CVA | blood vessel in part of the brain becomes weak and bursts open, causing blood to leak into the brain. Type of CVA with poorest prognosis for survival. |
| HEPARIN | a substance present in the body to prevent blood clotting – anti-coagulant like coumadin and streptokinase |
| HISTAMINE | chemical mediator released during imflammatory cycle with prostaglandins |
| HIV Postive | HIV and antibodies in the blood, without signs of active infection . HIV infection impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. |
| HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA | malignancy involving the T-lymphocytes |
| HOST-VERSUS-GRAFT | Transplant rejection - the host/recipient’s immune system rejects the graft/transplanted organ |
| HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE/CHOREA | inherited adult onset disorder; progressive atrophy of brain affects motor & cognitive functions. 1 of 3 genetic diseases w/disorders of biochem. abnormalities involving neurotransmitters of the brain – other two are Bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. |
| UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION | cause ischemia and loss of function to the brain,s kidneys, and retinas |
| HYPERTROPHY OF THE HEART | Increased size of the muscle due to increased size of individual cells |
| INCUBATION PERIOD | time between exposure to microorganism and onset of signs or symptoms |
| ETIOLOGY INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES | genetic and immunologic |
| INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ACTIONS | onset chem mediators from damaged mast cells & platelets..Vasodilation, incr blood flow ->redness & incr heat; exudation/ leakage of plasma proteins, fluid into tissue/edema ->swelling; Vascular chgs: vasodilation, Incr permeability; Incr blood flow |
| INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SIGNS | redness, warmth, swelling, pain, freq loss fx |
| INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION | Leg pain associated with exercise due to muscle ischemia |
| KAPOSI’S SARCOMA | A skin cancer now frequently associated with AIDS |
| LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTPUT | should = right ventricular output in a normal, healthy heart. |
| LESION | specific local change in tissue |
| LEUKEMIAS | form of cancer primarily treated by chemotherapy |
| LOCAL VASOCONSTRICTION | may be achieved by application of ice to a localized injury to reduce edema |
| LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS | Promotes the formation of atheromas |
| MALIGNANT NEOPLASM | cancer |
| MELENA | black, tarry stool caused by bleeding in the digestive tract (not occult blood) |
| MENINGITIS | infection of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord causing increased intracranial pressure and Infection |
| MICROBIAL MUTATION | method by which a virus changes slightly during replication |
| MULTIPLE MYELOMA | cancer involving the plasma cells, which invade the bone marrow, destroying bones in the vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, and skull |
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | group of chronic progressive disorders, resulting from demyelination in the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves |
| NECROSIS | death or destruction of tissue |
| NEUTROPENIA | deficit of neutrophils in the blood caused by chemo and radiation leading to high risk for infections |
| ORGAN SYSTEM | group of organs performing similar or complimentary functions within the body |
| OSTEODYSTOPHY | Associated with chronic renal failure due to the failure of the kidney to activate Vitamin D. |
| OSTEOPOROSIS | loss of bone density and mass leading to fragile bones and spontaneous fractures |
| OTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION | common adverse effect of anti-hypertensive medications |
| OTORRHEA | seepage of CSF from the ear, especially a purulent one |
| PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME | effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells. |
| EARLY MANIFESTATIONS PARKINSON’S DISEASE | tremors while at rest of the hands and difficulty in initiating voluntary movements. |
| PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE | stress or pressure fractures due to disease , chemo, or radiation |
| CAUSES OF PERICARDITIS (4) | Infection, Abnormal immune responses, Injury, Malignant neoplasms |
| PLEURAL EFFUSION | presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity |
| POST-POLIO SYNDROME LATE SIGNS | progressive fatigue and weakness |
| PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE | responding to precise microorganism that immune system has not yet encountered |
| PROGNOSIS | probable outcome of a disease |
| PROSTAGLANDINS | chemical mediator along with histamine |
| PULMONARY EDEMA | causes severe hypoxia because of increasing difficulty in expanding the lungs. |
| PULMONARY EMBOLUS | obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs |
| RAPID HEALING | Promoted by closely approximated edges of a wound |
| REGENERATION | tissue repair through replacement by identical functioning cells |
| REGIONAL ILEITIS | chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the ileum interfering with absorption of proteins and nutrients causing protein and vitamin deficiency |
| RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE - LATE EFFECTS | cardiac arrhythmias and heart murmurs |
| SCAR TISSUE | Consists primarily of collagen fibers |
| SECONDARY POLYCTHEMIA | Associated with severe chronic bronchitis |
| SECRETIN | One of the hormones that is secreted by the duodenum when acidic chyme reaches it and stimulates the pancreas during the digestive process |
| SEROUS EXUDATE | watery secretion |
| SEVERE ADULT RESPIRATORY SYNDROME - SARS | emerging viral infection (coronavirus) that causes severe congestion in the lungs and hypoxia. |
| SHOCK | Decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion |
| SICKLE CELL TRAIT | A person who inherits one defective gene develops only a small amount of HbS |
| SPINA BIFIDA | Folic acids - supplement prescribed to cut down on the incidence |
| SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | painless, malignant tumor of the epidermis |
| STREPTOKINASE | an anticoagulant like heparin, coumadin |
| STROKE VOLUME | amt of blood pumped from one ventricle in one contraction |
| STRUCTURE OF A VIRUS | A protein coat which encases either RNA or DNA |
| SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION | Causes the heart rate to increase |
| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION | slows down heart rate |
| SYPHILIS | Bacterial Infection |
| SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | An autoimmune disease caused by immune complex deposits of antinuclear antibodies and is distinguished clinically by inflammation in multiple organs |
| T-CELL LYMPHOMA | a malignancy involving the T-lymphocytes-first develops in a single lymph node then spreads in an orderly fashion |
| TETRALOGY OF FALLOT | congenital heart defect that includes pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy |
| THALASSEMIA | genetic defect in hemoglobin causes premature hemolysis of RBCs and severe anemia |
| TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS | Vascular disorder caused by temporary reductions in blood supply in an area of the brain causing brief impairment of speech or motor function |
| DIRECT TRANSMISSION | touching infectious lesion or sexual intercourse |
| TRICHOMONIASIS SIGNS | inflammation of the vagina with a copious yellow discharge and foul odor |
| UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION | body organs affected - Primarily: kidney, brain, and retinas |
| UREMIC SIGNS OF RENAL FAILURE | include all organs of the uremic system only (but not other organs) |
| VARICOSE VEINS | dilated and tortuous areas of superficial or deep veins in the legs |
| VENTRICULAR OUTPUT | the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute - depends on heart rate and stroke volume – will be equal for right and left ventricle in a normal healthy heart |
| VITAMIN K | required by the liver to synthesize prothrombin |
| YEASTS | microorganisms that cause opportunistic infections |
| BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS | prescribed to decrease the sympathetic stimulation of the heart and reduce the force of contractions. |
| FIBRINOGEN | protein that is formed into solid fibrin strands during the clotting process and forms a fibrin mesh around the area in an attempt to localize the injurious agent |
| HEART MURMUR | Defective valves that leak or do not open completely |
| CONTACT DERMATITIS | skin rash resulting from Type IV hypersensitivity reaction or direct irritation following direct exposure to a substance |
| FEVER | caused by the release of pyrogens during an inflammatory process |
| SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE | responding to an exact repeat of microorganism or virus (not a mutated form) |
| INDIRECT TRANSMISSION | involves intermediary such as a contaminated hand or food, objects |
| VECTOR BORNE TRANSMISSION | insect or animal serves as intermediary host, ie malaria |
| DROPLET/AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION | inhaling respiratory and salivary excretion of infected person directly or indirectly |
| TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY | allergic reaction: hay fever, asthma; histamine & other chemical mediators released which can cause anything from inflammation/pruritus to anaphylaxis |
| TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY | ABO blood incompatability; cyctoxic hypersensitivity; caused by reaction of antigen on blood cells |
| TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY | Immune Complex - autoimmune disorders; antigen & antibody complex deposits in the tissues cause inflammation & vasculitis |
| TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY | Cell-mediated or delayed; contact dermatitis; rash 48-96 hrs after exposure |
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