Endocrine&Repro.
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| Ketones | strong acids that cause the body's pH o drop
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| Growth hormone (GH) | also called somatropin; stimlates cells to grow and divide
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| estrogen | responsible for: development of secondary sex characteristics, form oseoblasts, inhibit osteoclasts, and bone loss
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| hormones | transfer info & instructions from one set of cells to another. each hormone affects only cells that are genetically programmed to receive and respond. divided into 2 groups according to structure: steroids, peptides and amines.
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| pancreas | only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions; produces insulin and glucagon
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| hypothalamus | controls the activity of the pituitary gland
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| hypoglycemic blood glucose levels | <70mg/dl
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| corticosteroids | 3 different families. mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones.
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| calcitonin | regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
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| thyroid gland | needs iodine to make hormones.
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| glucagon | raises blood sugar levels. produced by alpha cells. releases glucose in bloodstream.
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| adrenocirticotropin hormone (ACTH) | regulates function of adrenal cortex
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| adrenal mendulla | secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. critical during emergency situations. increases blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate.
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | also called vasopressin. promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules
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| lutenizing hormone (LH) | stimulates secretion of sex hormones. plays a role in releasing ova in females.
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| adrenal glands | 2 glands; adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. one located above each kidney
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| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery. after birth stimulates release of milk from breasts.
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| pineal gland | secretes melatonin. plays a role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm.
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| insulin | lowers blood sugar levels. produced by beta cells. stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream.
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| testosterone | produces male secondary sexual characteristics. regulates sperm production
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| pituitary gland | called the "master gland" because it controls many other glands. divided into anterior and posterior glands.
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| thymus gland | part of immune system. endocrine gland. essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells.
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| progesterone | prepares lining of uterus for implantation of fertilized egg. also maintains a healthy prostate for men.
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| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | responsible for development of ova (egg) and sperm. also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen.
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| pre-diabetic blood glucose levels | 100-140 mg/dl
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| exocrine glands | release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of the body. ex. sweat glands
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| endocrine glands | release hormones directly into bloostream. have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands. ex. thyroid gland.
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| major components of the endocrine system | pituitary gland and hypothalamus
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| secondary components of endocrine system | thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
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| female sex hormones | estrogen and progesterone.
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| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | replacement female hormones may be delivered from anime, plant, or lab-modified sources
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| diabetes mellitus | a disorder in which blood sugar (glucose) levels are abnormally high because the body does not produce enough insulin. 3rd leading cause of death in U.S. type 1 and type 2.
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| types of diabetes | diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, secondary diabetes, and gestational diabetes
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| symptoms of diabetes | polyuria, nocturia, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, visual changes, glycosuria, numbness and tingling, slow wound healing, fruity breath
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| gluconeogenesis | the formation of glucose from protein and fatty acids
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| ketoacidosis | diabetic coma
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| forms of insulin | rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting
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| oral hypoglycemic drugs | used in treatment of type 2 diabetes. 4 subclasses: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones.
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| metformin (Glucophage) | biguanide drug. common. increases uptake of glucose into tissues, therefore lowering blood sugar levels.
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| compare and contrast diabetes and diabetes mellitus | insipidus: results from decreased ADH. causes tumors, brain injury.
mellitus: types 1 and 2. juvenile onset diabetes and adult onset diabetes.
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| secondary diabetes | drug induced
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| gestational diabetes | occurs during second and third trimesters of pregnancy
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| endocrine and reproductive system disorder causes | effects of aging, genetic factors, condition affecting another part of the body
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| giantism | increase of growth hormone in children
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| acromegaly | increase growth hormone in adults
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| compare and contrast hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism | hyperthyroidism: excess thyroid hormones in the bloodstream. treatment removal of tumors.
hypothyroidism: overall deficiency, affects all organs of body. tumors are usually benign
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| synthroid (levothyroxine sodium) | can be cardiotoxic.
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| hypercalcemia | increased levels of calcium
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| risk factors of osteoporosis | gender, race, heredity, low calcium intake, smoking, alcohol, lack of weight bearing exercise
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| estrogenic hormones | estriol, estrone, estradiol
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| infertility | defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. in women can be treated with antiestrogenic drugs
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| in men infertility can be treated with | antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-erectile dysfunction agents
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| gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) | beneficial for men with gonadotropin deficiency and hypogonadism; good for restoring sperm production after chemotherapy
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| viral STDs and bacterial STDs | viral, cannot be cures; symptoms managed with medication. bacterial, curable with antibiotics
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| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | the major cause of infertility worldwide
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| three ways birth control works | prevent ovulation, cervix produces less and thicker mucus so that sperm cannot easily enter the uterus, the lining of the uterus becomes thinner
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| two types of birth control | progesterone only (lacks estrogen) and combination pills (estrogen and progesterone)
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