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Endocrine&Repro.
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Ketones | strong acids that cause the body's pH o drop |
Growth hormone (GH) | also called somatropin; stimlates cells to grow and divide |
estrogen | responsible for: development of secondary sex characteristics, form oseoblasts, inhibit osteoclasts, and bone loss |
hormones | transfer info & instructions from one set of cells to another. each hormone affects only cells that are genetically programmed to receive and respond. divided into 2 groups according to structure: steroids, peptides and amines. |
pancreas | only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions; produces insulin and glucagon |
hypothalamus | controls the activity of the pituitary gland |
hypoglycemic blood glucose levels | <70mg/dl |
corticosteroids | 3 different families. mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones. |
calcitonin | regulates level of calcium in bloodstream |
thyroid gland | needs iodine to make hormones. |
glucagon | raises blood sugar levels. produced by alpha cells. releases glucose in bloodstream. |
adrenocirticotropin hormone (ACTH) | regulates function of adrenal cortex |
adrenal mendulla | secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. critical during emergency situations. increases blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate. |
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | also called vasopressin. promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules |
lutenizing hormone (LH) | stimulates secretion of sex hormones. plays a role in releasing ova in females. |
adrenal glands | 2 glands; adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. one located above each kidney |
oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery. after birth stimulates release of milk from breasts. |
pineal gland | secretes melatonin. plays a role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm. |
insulin | lowers blood sugar levels. produced by beta cells. stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream. |
testosterone | produces male secondary sexual characteristics. regulates sperm production |
pituitary gland | called the "master gland" because it controls many other glands. divided into anterior and posterior glands. |
thymus gland | part of immune system. endocrine gland. essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells. |
progesterone | prepares lining of uterus for implantation of fertilized egg. also maintains a healthy prostate for men. |
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | responsible for development of ova (egg) and sperm. also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen. |
pre-diabetic blood glucose levels | 100-140 mg/dl |
exocrine glands | release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of the body. ex. sweat glands |
endocrine glands | release hormones directly into bloostream. have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands. ex. thyroid gland. |
major components of the endocrine system | pituitary gland and hypothalamus |
secondary components of endocrine system | thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads |
parathyroid hormone (PTH) | regulates level of calcium in bloodstream |
female sex hormones | estrogen and progesterone. |
hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | replacement female hormones may be delivered from anime, plant, or lab-modified sources |
diabetes mellitus | a disorder in which blood sugar (glucose) levels are abnormally high because the body does not produce enough insulin. 3rd leading cause of death in U.S. type 1 and type 2. |
types of diabetes | diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, secondary diabetes, and gestational diabetes |
symptoms of diabetes | polyuria, nocturia, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, visual changes, glycosuria, numbness and tingling, slow wound healing, fruity breath |
gluconeogenesis | the formation of glucose from protein and fatty acids |
ketoacidosis | diabetic coma |
forms of insulin | rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting |
oral hypoglycemic drugs | used in treatment of type 2 diabetes. 4 subclasses: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones. |
metformin (Glucophage) | biguanide drug. common. increases uptake of glucose into tissues, therefore lowering blood sugar levels. |
compare and contrast diabetes and diabetes mellitus | insipidus: results from decreased ADH. causes tumors, brain injury. mellitus: types 1 and 2. juvenile onset diabetes and adult onset diabetes. |
secondary diabetes | drug induced |
gestational diabetes | occurs during second and third trimesters of pregnancy |
endocrine and reproductive system disorder causes | effects of aging, genetic factors, condition affecting another part of the body |
giantism | increase of growth hormone in children |
acromegaly | increase growth hormone in adults |
compare and contrast hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism | hyperthyroidism: excess thyroid hormones in the bloodstream. treatment removal of tumors. hypothyroidism: overall deficiency, affects all organs of body. tumors are usually benign |
synthroid (levothyroxine sodium) | can be cardiotoxic. |
hypercalcemia | increased levels of calcium |
risk factors of osteoporosis | gender, race, heredity, low calcium intake, smoking, alcohol, lack of weight bearing exercise |
estrogenic hormones | estriol, estrone, estradiol |
infertility | defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. in women can be treated with antiestrogenic drugs |
in men infertility can be treated with | antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-erectile dysfunction agents |
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) | beneficial for men with gonadotropin deficiency and hypogonadism; good for restoring sperm production after chemotherapy |
viral STDs and bacterial STDs | viral, cannot be cures; symptoms managed with medication. bacterial, curable with antibiotics |
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | the major cause of infertility worldwide |
three ways birth control works | prevent ovulation, cervix produces less and thicker mucus so that sperm cannot easily enter the uterus, the lining of the uterus becomes thinner |
two types of birth control | progesterone only (lacks estrogen) and combination pills (estrogen and progesterone) |