Neuroscience
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| What are the four projections formed by axons of retinal ganglion cells? | 1. To the Pretectum (for mediating the pupillary light reflex) 2. To the SCN (for entrainment of the circadian rhythm) 3. To the superior colliculus (for regulating head movements) 4. To the striate cortex (primary visual pathway)
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| Retinal Ganglion Cells and the Pretectum | Light hits RCG -> depolarize and project to the Pretectum -> activates neurons in the Edinger west-phal nucleus -> ciliary ganglion that innervates the constrictor muscles in the eye -> constriction of pupils
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| Retinal Ganglion Cells and the Hypothalamus | RGC cells project directly to the SCN of the thalamus to adjust the circadian rhythm. This only requires a mere change in light level, and little or no information about the features of the image. These RGC cells contain melanopsin
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| RGCs to the Superior colliculus | Superior colliculus regulates head and yee movements to visual targets
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| Retinogeniculostriate projection | cells project to the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) which then project to the cerebral cortex, pass through the optic radiation and terminate in the striate cortex.
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| Composition of the primary visual pathway | Magnocellular pathway, parvocellular pathway, koniocellular pathway
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| Magnocellular pathway | consist of M-ganglion cells, which have larger dendrites & cell bodies, faster conduction velocities than P cells. Detect motion.
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| Where do M cells terminate? | Layer 4Ca in the striate visual cortex.
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| Are M cells color-sensitive? Why or why not? | No. They are driven by all cone types, so there is no color specificity
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| Parvocellular pathway | consist of P-ganglion cells. Smaller than M-ganglion cells. Mediate high-acutiy vision
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| Where do P cells terminate? | Layer 4Cb of the striate visual cortex.
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| Are P cells color-sensitive? Why or why not? | Yes. Different cones drive their receptive field centers. They are color sensitive.
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| Konioncellular pathway | Consist of K-ganlgion cells. They reside in the interlaminar zones that seperate the LGN layers
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| Where do K cells terminate? | Suprficial layers 2 and 3 of the primary visual cortex
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| Are k-cells color-sensitive? | There are some aspects of color vision. Information derived from short-wavelength sensitive cones may be transmitted via the K-cells rather than the P cell pathway
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| Who has a larger receptive field center - P cells or M cells? | M cells
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| Which cells are critical for the detection of rapidly changing stimuli? | M cells
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| Which cells mediate high-acuity vision? | P cells
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| Which cells respond transiently? | M cells
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| Which cells respond in a sustained fashion? | P cells
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