pharm final
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| components of CNS | brain and spinal cord
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| components of PNS | connecting CNS to muscles and organs
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| What is the last system to develop in the fetus | nervous system
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| 3 kinds of neurons connecting CNS to body | motor, sensory, interneurons
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| motor neurons aka: | efferent
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| sensory neurons aka: | afferent
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| major division of nervous system | central vs. peripheral
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| efferent neurons | impulses AWAY from CNS to muscles and organs
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| afferent neurons | impulses TOWARD CNS from muscles and organs
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| interneurons | connections within CNS
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| function of nervous system fetus is born with | reflexes
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| basic functional unit to conduct an impulse | neuron
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| cells which protect, support, and nourish neuron | glia
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| receive impulses from the cell | dendrites
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| carry impulses away from the cell | axon
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| space or gap between neurons | synapse
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| located at the end of the nerve brancehs and extend into the synapses located between neurons | vesicles
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| neurons protected by myelin sheath and together form the fiber | nerve fiber
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| fluid filled synapses contain | neurotransmitters
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| role of presynaptic neurons | send info
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| role of postsynaptic neurons | receive info
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| What happens at the vesicles of the neuron | where chemicals are synthesized, stored, and released
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| 5 quick acting neurotransmitters | acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA
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| 2 slow acting neurotransmitters | adrenocorticotropic hormone; antidiuretic hormone
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| sensation that occurs when peripheral tissue injury occurs and pain receptors are activated | pain
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| order of transmission of pain signal | spinal column, medulla oblongata, pons, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex
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| What area in the brain is known as the relay station | thalamus
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| Where is the pain sensation perceived | cerebral cortex
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| what is substance P and where is it located | located in nerve cells; serves as mediator in the transmission of painful stimuli
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| 7 locations of pain receptors | skin; underlying soft tissue; muscle fascia; joint surfaces; arterial walls; periosteum; scarce in most internal organs
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| examples of physical tissue damage | heat, cold, pressure, stretch, spasm, ischemia
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| examples of chemical tissue damage | substances released from injured cells and from inflammation
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| one of the strongest pain producing substances but quickly metabolized, associated with acute pain | bradykinin
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| increase pain provoking effects of bradykinin by increasing pain receptor sensitivity | prostaglandin
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| somatic pain | localized sharp, burning, aching, gnawing, throbbing, and cramping; acute or chronic; constant or intermittent
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| visceral pain | abdominal or thoracic organs, deep, dull and aching; cramping intermittent (spasms)
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| neuropathic pain | injury of peripheral pain receptors, shooting, burning, stabbing
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| define acute and give adjectives of acute pain | sharp, lancing, or cutting, sudden onset
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| define chronic and give adjectives of chronic pain | lasting 3 months or more, slow pain, burning, aching or throbbing
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| types of analgesics | opioid analgesics, non-opioid analgesics
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| opioid analgesic relieve what type of pain | moderate to severe
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| Action of opioid analgesics | inhibits transmission of pain impulses to the brain
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| Therapeutic effects of opioid analgesics | reduces pain perception, promotes sedation and reduces emotional upsets
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| what type of drugs are opioid analgesics (schedule) | schedule II - lead to drug abuse ad dependence and increased tolerance
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| routes of opioid analgesics | PO, IM, subcutaneous, IV
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| Where are opioid analgesics metabolized | liver
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| What route of opioid analgesics requires higher doses to obtain the desired therapeutic effects | po
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| analgesic pharmacologic effects | pain relief
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| CNS depression pharamcologic effects | mild, moderate, sever (HR, RR, LOC)
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| GI motility pharmacologic effects | constipation, smooth muscle spasms
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| indiciations for opioid analgesics | acute pain; surgery; invasive procedures; L/D; GI disorders; pulmonary edema; cough (Codeine)
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| why called opioid agonists/ antagonists | agents have agonistic activity at some receptor sites and antagonistic activity at others
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| antagonistic qualities of opioid agonists/ antagonisits | produce withdrawal symptoms in people with opiate dependence, anecdote with overdose; less risk for abuse
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| why are opioid antagonists antidotes | reverse or block analgesia, CNS respiratory depression and other effects
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| Action of opioid antagonists | interfere with opioid binding with the opioid receptor sites (neutralizes)
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| What is the oldest drug of choice to reverse respiratory depression | Naloxone (Narcan)
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| How long does it take Narcan to work | minutes
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| routes of Narcan | IV, IM, subcutaenous
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| Why would you need several doses of Narcan | has short duration
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| what medication causes a depletion of substance P in nerve cells | capsiacin (Zostrix)
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| capsiacin (Zostrix) routes | topical
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| types of pain that can be treated by capsiacin (Zostrix) | osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis, postherpetic neuralgia, herpes zoster, diabetic neuropath, post-surgical pain
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| How should you titrate analgesics | maximal effectiveness and minimal toxicity and avoid dependence
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| desired secondary opioid affects | morphine may reduce pulmonary edema; depress cough reflex
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| undesirable secondary opioid affects | constipation; respiratory depression; orthostatic hypotension; nausea/vomiting
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| What drug reduces excessive pain stimulation and is used when withdrawing from opioids | clonidine
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| 3 types of nonopioid drugs | analgesics, antipyretics, antiinflammatories
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| nonopioid drugs defined | drugs that relieve pain, fever, and inflammation
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| When does pain occur | with tissue injury and inflammation
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| define fever | elevation of temperature
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| what controlls temperature | regulatory center - hypothalamus
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| define inflammation | response to tissue damage
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| nonopioids used a prophylactic to prevent MI/Stroke | acetaminophen and aspirin
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| what nonopioid drugs can cause renal impairment | acetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDs
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| what nonopioid has a metabolite that destroys liver cells and can cause hepatic impairment | acetaminophen
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| what value does fever have | bodies way of fighting infection
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| how long before surgery should you avoid durgs that impact platelet aggregation | at least 2 weeks before and after
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| you must support adequate fluid intake with all nonopioid analgesics except | acetaminophen
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| another name for acetaminophen | tylenol
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| Why should you give next dose of analgesic before pain is severe | need less drug and achieve greater effectivness
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