Forage Crop Definitions
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| Allelopathy | a plant resisting the establishment of another plant by releasing certain toxic chemicals
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| alternate row seeding | a cultural practice for establishing two species of plants in separate alternating rows to avoid inter-species competition
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| animal unit | 1000 lb. cow with a calf less than 4 months old
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| animal unit month | the amount of forage required per month for a 1000 lb animal
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| bloat | excessive accumulation of gases in the rumen when gas loss through the esophagus is impaired
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| boot stage | the maturity stage of grass tillers when the inflorescence is in the sheath of the flag leaf or uppermost leaf
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| broadcast seeding | the process of scattering seed on the soil surface before covering the seed with soil using artificial or natural means
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| bunchgrass | a single plant turf reproducing by seed
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| caespitose | all leaves originate from a common base- basal
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| catch crop | an annual warm season crop planted in late spring the same year after a failure of an earlier planted crop, e.g. pinto beans after sugar beets
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| cereal forage | annual grass species typically harvested for seed
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| chemical tillage | using contact and/or residual chemicals for vegetation control rather than tillage
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| companion crop | annual crop planted with a perennial forage crop for establishment
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| complementary pasture | seeded pastures that can supply nutritious forage during times of the year when other forage resources are inadequate or unavailable. usually intensively managed pastures with 1-3 introduced species complementing the rangeland forage resource
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| conventional seedbed | a well pulverized, firm, weed free surface in which to place a seed for a new crop to establish
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| corm | solid, thickened underground stem
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| coumarin | a white, crystalline compound with a vanilla-like odor that gives sweet clover its characteristic odor. used as a rodent poison and in medicine
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| cover crop | annual crop planted to control erosion, suppress weeds, provide organic matter and a seedbed after it is harvested for grain or hat
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| crop rotation | a system of growing different kinds of crops in recurrent secession on the same land
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| cultivar | cultivated plant having proven performance
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| cultivation | tillage is a mechanical method of weed control where a disk, harrow or rototiller is used to disturb or cultivate the soil, usually two to six inches deep
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| decumbent | stems reclining on the ground with the end ascending
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| dehiscent | opening by definite lines of weakness splitting the pod to discharge the seeds
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| dicoumarol | chemical compound produced microbiologically from coumarin' found in spoiled sweet clover had
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| diluent | dilution substance
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| dormancy | a period of arrested growth and development caused by physical or physiological factors
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| dormant fall seeding | seeding in late fall in cold soils where there is no chance of germination until the following spring
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| drill seeding | planting seed directly into the soil with a drill, usually in rows 6 to 24 inches apart
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| economic/ecologic threshold | a point which the cost and risk of a pesticide application out-weighs the economic crop loss if nothing was done
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| emergency forage | during years of disaster where annual crops have typically been used in Montana as emergency forage
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| endophyte | fungus that lives 100% in a plant
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| fescue foot | vasoconstrictor condition of livestock extremities caused by an endophyte when fescues are grazed in ate fall or winter
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| fescue toxicity | endophyte that kills rumen bacteria when fescues are grazed in spring and early summer
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| forage crop | herbaceous plant fed to livestock
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| forage integration | development of the most profitable combination of forage resources on a year round basis
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| forage quality | ability of a forage to produce a desired effect on livestock
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| frost seeding | seed is broadcast on the soil or drilled in late fall, winter, or early spring into a frozen seedbed when daytime temperatures are above freezing but at night time temperatures are below freezing
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| germination | the initiation of growth by the embryo and development of a young plant from seed
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| grass tetany | a metabolic Mg deficiency disorder of livestock, primarily ruminants, when grazing lush green grasses early in the spring
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| grazing readiness | a point where a plant has grown in spring or recovered from a grazing event by regrowing beyond its minimum stubble height and can tolerate a grazing event without harm to its long-term survival
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| hard seed | seed coat impermeable to water
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| harvest efficiency/ animal use factor | amount of forage planned for removal by a grazing animal taking into account proper grazing use plus waste
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| hay | forage preserved by field drying to moisture levels low enough to prevent microbial activity that leads to spoilage
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| haylage | product resulting from ensiling forage with about 45% moisture in the absence of oxygen
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| in-determinant growth | a continuous ripening of seed along with the initiation of new blossoms on the same plant
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| inert matter | contaminant in a seed lot
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| inoculate | introduction of pure or mixed futures of microorganisms into natural or artificial culture media via seed
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| integrated pest management | using multiple tactics to manage pests
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| interseed | planting the same or different crop within an existing crop
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| late summer seeding | plantain crops in late summer for germination and establishment prior to frost
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| monoculture | raising crops of a single species year after year on the same land
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| nitrate poisoning | a serious condition resulting when an animal ingests a dies containing high nitrate concentrations
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| pasture | land defined by a boundary fence and used for livestock grazing
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| pH | the designation for the degree of acidity or alkalinity, hydrogen ion concentration
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| phenology | the study of periodic biological phenomenon, such as flowering, seed set, as related to climate and season changed
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| PLS | germination +hard seed x purity
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| poloxalene | a surface-active agent that prevents the formation of float causing froth
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| preference | a preferring or being preferred; greater liking
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| prostrate | lying flat on the ground, if a stem then may or may not root at the nodes
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| prescribed grazing | the management practice used on tame pastures to maintain healthy pasture plant communities and this maintain a healthy forage base, achieve acceptable livestock production, and protect natural resources
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| prussic acid poisoning | hydrocyanic acid or cyanide poisoning, results when livestock consume plants containing cyanogenic glycosides from which HCN is released. usually found in sorghums
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| phytoremediation | mitigation environmental problems with plants
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| regrowth | growth that can occur from intact, active for growing points when defoliation occurs above the growing point, or it can originate from dormant buds
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| rhizobia | nitrogen fixing bacteria found in nodules on roots of certain leguminous plants
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| rhizome | any prostrate elongated stem growing partially or completely beneath the surface of the ground; usually rooting at the nodes and becoming up curved at apex
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| rosette | a dense basal cluster of leaves arranged in circular fashion like the leaves of the common dandelion
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| saline soil | soil containing enough soluble salts to interfere with normal plant growth, but not containing an excess of exchangeable sodium.
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| scarify | scratching the seed coat to improve its permeability of moisture for germination
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| seed inoculation | the addition of rhizobium bacteria to legume seed prior to planting. promotes nitrogen fixation
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| seed scarification | the act of mechanically scarring the coat of hard of impenetrable seed to permit rapid water intake and speed germination
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| silage | a forage preserved in a succulent condition by partial fermentation
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| sod bound | excessive underground stems effecting production
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| sodic soil | a soil containing sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with the growth of most plants, either with or without appreciable quantities of soluble salts
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| sprig | a piece of a rhizome with a bud
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| stocking rate | the relationship between the number of animals and the grazing management unit over a specified time period
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| stocking density | the relationship between the number of animals and area of land at any given instant of time
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| stockpile | harvesting 1-2 cuttings for hay and stockpiling the aftermath regrowth for late fall or winter grazing
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| stolon | an above ground stem capable of rooting at its nodes and producing a new plant
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| stover | mature, cured stalks of corn, sorghum, etc. from which the grain has been removed
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| stubble seedbed | placing a seed by no-till planting into firm weed free surface residue of a prior crop
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| swath/windrow grazing | the process of cutting hay, leaving it in windrows and allowing livestock to graze these windrows during the winter
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| symbiosis | two kinds or organisms living together for their mutual benefit
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| tame psature | cultivated fields planted to introduced grass and legume plant cultivars and used for grazing
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| thatch | undecomposed plant residue
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| tiller | branch or shoot originating at a basal node in grasses
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| vegetative stage | maintain vegetative tillers v.s. reproductive tillers
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| vernalization | cold, wet treatment of winter seeded cereals required for seed production
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| wolfy | unpalatable bunchgrass with stiff old stems
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