Federal Drug Laws and Standards
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| The following law classifies drugs according to potential for abuse & usefullness in medicine from a Class 1 to Class 5? | Controlled Substances Act
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| The following law established for accurately labeling of drug products? | Pure Food & Drug Act
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| The following laws required testing to proof that new drugs are safe? | Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
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| The following laws required that drugs be prescribed by a doctor and dispensed by a pharmacist? | Durham-Humphrey Amendment
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| The following laws required that drugs must show proof of effectiveness? | Kefauver-Harris Ammendment
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| This law required the regulation of narcotics distribution and categorizes them according to their medical usefullness? | Controlled Substances Act
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| What law establish the production of drugs that affect relatively few people? | Orphan Drug Act
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| Which agency is in charge of enforcing the drug laws? | Food and Drug Administion
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| Which agency regulates vaccines and other biologic products? | Public Health Service
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| Which agency stops misleading advertisements of non-prescription drugs? | Federal Trade Commission
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| Which law shortened the time required for developing and marketing of new drugs? | Drug Reguation Reform Act
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| This law establish restriction on narcotics, NO importing, manufacture and sale? | Harrison Narcotic Act
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| Nuremburg Code | Rights of human subjects to be protected in medical research?
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| What phase of studies of a drug on a small group of healthy volunteers, to determine safe dosages. | Phase I Clinical Trials
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| Studies of the drug on a small group < than a 100 with the disease and the reponses are studed. | Phase II Clinical Trials
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| What studies of the drug on a large group with the disease studies are design to remove bias. | Phase III Clinical Trials
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| Post market study of a drug with volunteer basis, after first three phases are review. | Phase IV Clinical Trials
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| During what phase a drug is approved for selling. | Phase III Clinical Trials
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| A new drug application is submitted for approval during what phase? | Phase III Clinical Trials
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| Determine drug dosage and pharmacokintinetics are done during this phase. | Phase I Clinical Trials
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| During this phase drugs are determine for effectineness and side effects on a small group of people. | Phase II Clinical Trials
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| During this phase a placebo is used to determine ranges for effectiveness, safety and dosage range. | Phase III Clinical Trials
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| Drugs not approved for medical use, that have high abuse protential. | Schedule 1 Drug Class
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| Drugs that are used used medical but have a high potential for abuse. | Schedule 2 Drug Class
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| Drugs that are less potential for abuse than in Classes 1 &2 | Schedule 3 Drug Class
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| Schedule 4 Drug Class | Schedule 4 Drug Class
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| Schedule 5 Drug Class | Schedule 5 Drug Class
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| What name is given to a drug during the investigation phase? | Chemical Name
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| Which organization determines which drugs can be marketed in the United States? | Food and Drug Administration
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| How many generic names can a drug have? | Only One
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| Which agency regulates the manufacture and distribution of substances that have a potential for abuse? | Drug Enforcement Administration
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| The study of drugs | Pharmacology
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| When two formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards established by the regulatory agencies, they are said to be: | Chemically equivalent
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| When two formulations of drugs produce similar concentrations of the drug in the blood and tissues, they are said to be: | Biologically equivalent
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| When two formulations of a drug prove to have an equal therapeutic effect in a clinical trial, they are said to be | Therapeutically equivalent
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| What are the FDA requirements that pertain to the substitution of trade name products with generic? | The active ingredients of the generic product must enter the blood stream at the same rate as the trade name product.
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| When is the best time to schedule an asthmatic patient? | P.M.
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| When is the best time to schedule a diabetic patient? | AM
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| Which agency regulates the trade practices of drug companies and prohibits the false advertising of foods, nonprescription drugs, and cosmetics? | Federal Trade Commission
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| How long is a trade name protected by the Federal Patent Law? | 17 years
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| The generic name of a drug is: | Not capitalized
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| The trade name of a drug is: | Capitalized
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| Before generic drugs are marketed they must be shown to be: | Biologically equivalent
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| Which name is given to a drug when it is determined to be useful and will be commercially marketed? | Trade Name
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| When naming drugs, which name is selected by the U.S. Adopted Name Council? | Generic Name
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| atropine (blocks ACh action on the heart) | antagonists
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| Prevent binding of other molecules to a receptor by their binding to the receptor? | antagonists
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| Term having to do with drug actions on the body: | pharmacodynamics
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| Dramatic decrease in systemic availability of a drug following oral administration is most likely due to: | hepatic "first-pass" effect
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| General term having to do with actions of the body on the drug: | pharmacokinetics
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| Most common mechanism of drug permeation | passive diffusion
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| Most common mechanism of drug carrier-mediated transport | ATP transportation
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| Most common mechanism of drug active-transport | endocytosis
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| Primary site for drug metabolism | liver
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| Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination: | kidney
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| Number of half-lives required to go from one steady-state to another: | 4
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| The way in which the body affects a drug by the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion: | pharmacokinetics
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| The effects of the drug on the body and the mode of drug action | pharmacodynamics
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| A drug that binds to a cell receptor and causes a response is called an: | agonist
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| When the body sees the drug as an antigen and an immune response is established against the drug | drug allergy
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| Brand name of a medication: | trade name
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| Drug that helps to constrict the blood vessels and relax airway passages; it may be used to counter a severe allergic reaction. | ephinephrine
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| Powder, usually pre-mixed with water, that will absorb some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body. | activated charcoal
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| Patients who have a medical history of asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis may carry: | bronchodilator
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| The name that the manufacturer uses in marketing a drug is called the _____ name: | trade
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| A circumstance in which a drug should not be used because it may cause harm to the patient or offer no effect in improving the patient's condition or illness is called a (n) | contraindication
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| An action of a drug that is other than the desired action is called? | side effect
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| Medication administered through the mucous membrane | sublingual
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| Medication administered via the respiratory tract | inhalation
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| Most dangerous route for medication administration | intraveous
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| Drug applied directly to a body site | topical
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| Has the longest absorption time of all parenteral routes | intradermal
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| Often used for drugs that are irritating, since there are few nerve endings in this deep tissue | intramuscular
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| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect greater than that of each drug alone | synergistic effect
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| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect less than that of each drug alone | antagonistic effect
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| An abnormal or peculiar response to a drug that may manifest itself by overresponse, underresponse, or response different from the expected outcome | idosyncratic effect
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| Occurs when the body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered | cumulative effect
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| Exists when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over a period of time | drug tolerance
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| Occurs in an individual who has been previously exposed to the drug and has developed antibodies | drug allergy
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| Disease caused unintentionally by drug therapy | iatrogenic disease
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| The breakdown of a drug into an inactive form | metabolism
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| The movement of a drug throughout the body after it has been absorbed into the bloodstream | distribution
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| The process by which a drug transferred from its site of entry into the body to the bloodstream | absorption
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| The process by which drugs alter cell physiology | pharmacodynamics
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| Copyrighted name selected bu the drug company selling the drug | trade name
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| The name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer who first develops the drug; often derived from the chemical name | generic name
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| A very percise description of the drug's chemical composition, identifying the drug's atomic and molecular structure | chemical name
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| An order conveying the medication plans to others | prescription
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| The study that deals with chemicals affecting the body's functioning | pharmacology
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| Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the living organism | drug
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| This system is reponsible for the day to day function of the body | Parasympatheic Nervous System
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| This system prodominates the body when under stress. | Sysmpatheic Nervous System
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| The principle area of intergration of the Autonomic Nervous system is? | Hypothalamas
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| All preganglionic neurons both in the PNS and CNS release the nurohumoral subtance: | Acetylcholine
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| All postganglionic neurons in the PNS release: | Acetylcholine
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| The Parasympatheic NS system is sometimes called this: | Cholinergic system
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| Most postganglionic fibers in the Sysmpathenic Nerous system release: | Norepinephrine
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| The Sysmpathenic NS system is sometimes called this: | Adrenergic system
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| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 80% of this: | Epinephrine
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| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 20% of this: | Norepinephrine
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| Intensive drug therapy used to sustain life. | Acute Therapy
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| Maintains current functions, does not prevent progression. | Maintenance Therapy
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| Need to maintain normal function. | Supplemental Therapy
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| Maintains body function integrity. | Supportive Therapy
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| Preventive care. | Prophylactic Therapy
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| End of life care, comfort measures. | Palliative Therapy
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| given upon approval by the FDA , sometimes shortened chemical name | generic name
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| name given by mfg because of the chemical atributes | chemical name
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| given by the mfg, something catchy having to do with what it does | brand, trade,
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| The undesirable reactions of a drug are called: | Adverse effects
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| The clinically desirable actions of a drug are called: | Therapeutic effects
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| What is the main purpose of phase 2 of human testing of drugs? | Effectiveness
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| Using the FDA categories for classifying teratogenic drugs, which one of the following would be considered the least likely to cause birth defects? | A
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| Using the FDA categories for classifying teratogenic drugs, which one of the following would be considered the most likely to cause birth defects? | X
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| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves a large number of patients and requires the demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the drug. | Phase 3
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| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves the postmarketing surveillance of a drug? | Phase 4
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| The phase of human testing that involves the use of a limited number of individuals who are given small then increasing doses of the drug to determine the drugs safety. | Phase I
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| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves larger groups of people and the reporting of any adverse reactions to the FDA? | Phase 2
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| Which category (schedule) includes Morphine? | Schedule II
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| Which category of drugs is listed as high abuse with no refills? | Schedule II
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| Which category (schedule) includes Codeine and other sedatives? | Schedule III
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| Which category (schedule) includes Benzodiazepines? | Schedule IV
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| Which category of drugs has the highest abuse potential? | Schedule I
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| Which category of drugs has a moderate abuse potential? | Schedule III
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| Which category of drugs is the least abusive? | Schedule
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| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasodilation: | skeletal muscle
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| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasocntriction: | skin and viscera
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| Activation of Alpha-1 receptors in the vascalture produces: | constriction
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| Activation of Beta-2 receptors in the vascalture produces: | dilatation
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| The measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body (time to elimiante 50% of the drug) | half-life
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| The process by which a drug is converted by the liver to inactive compounds through a series of chemical reactions | biotransformation
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| The study of drugs and their action on living organisms | pharmacology
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| drugs that the federal government has designated to be potentially harmful unless thier use is supervised by a licensed health care provider | prescription drugs
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| The most carefully monitored drugs that have a high potential for abuse and may cause dependence | controlled substances
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| The compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience | psychological dependency
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| The activities within the body after a drug is administered | pharmacokinetics
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| These speicalized macromolecule that attatches or binds to the drug molecule | receptor
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| These drugs that bind with a receptor to produce a therapeutic response | agonists
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| These drugs join with a receptor to prevent the action of an agonist | antagonists
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| This is undesirable drug effects | adverse reactions
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| The hypersensitivity to a drug where the immune system views the drug as a foreign substance | allergic reaction
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| This extremely serious allergic reaction that occurs shortly after drug administration | anaphylactic shock
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| This allergic drug reaction causing collection of fluid in subq tissues | angioedema
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| Any abnormal or unsusal reaction to a drug ex. sleeping pill makes you wide awake | idiosyncrasy
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| A decreased response to a drug requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect | drug tolerance
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| When the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one normal dose of drug before the next is given | cumulative drug effect
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| genetically determined abnormal response to a normal dose of a drug | pharmacogentic disorder
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| The combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone ex: alcohol + heparin=increased bleeding | additive drug
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| When drugs interact with each other and produce effect that is greater than the sum of thier actions | synergism
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| When taking numerous drugs that can potnetially react with one another | polypharmacy
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| gives the exact makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure (it is not capitalized) | chemical name
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| The name given to a drug before it becomes official (not capitalized) | generic name
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| The name registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol (first letter is capitalized) | trade name
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| Any any substance that causes abnormal developement of the fetus | teratogen
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| The process by which a drug is made available for use in the body | absorption
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| The human systemic circulation distributes drugs to various body tissues or target sites | distribution
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| The elimination of drugs from the body usually through the kidney but also through sweat, breast milk, breath, feces | excretion
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| A desired or therapeutic effect | primary effect
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| all other effects whether desirable or undesirable | secondary effects
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| The symp. nervous system stimulant, parasymp. nervous system depressant. behaves similarly to antihistamines while stim. the CNS | adrenergics
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| block secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine; antagonize the adrenergics; symp. depressant | antiadrenergics
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| antagonize acetylcholine; depress parasymp. NS; similar to symp. NS stimulants | anticholinergics
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| mimic or stimulate acetylcholine; stim. parasymp. NS | cholinergics
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| dilate the pupil | mydriatics
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| constrict the pupil | miotics
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| CNS depressant, interfere with nerve impulse conduction of pain perception | analgesics
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| some produce unconsciousness and loss of sensation by blocking the conduction of impulse to the brain from nerves to which they are injected, or applied, producing no loss in consciousness | anesthetics
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| cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives | hypnotics
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| cause quieting and drowsiness - lower dosage than hypnotics | sedatives
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| effect of one drug added to another - same mechanism | additive effect
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| drugs taken together (similar effect) produce effect that is > effects of each added together - different mechanism | synergistic effect (synergism)
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| the study of drugs and the way they interact with living systems | Pharmacology
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| the study of drugs in humans. | Clinical pharmacology
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| any chemical that can effect living processes | drug
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| the medical use of drugs. | Therapeutics
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| This is the most important quality that a drug can have.refers to the drug's ability to do what it is supposed to do. | Effectiveness
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| Although no drug can be totally safe, proper usage can lessen the risks of adverse ffects | Safety
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| The way the body deals with a drug. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion | Pharmacokinetics
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| What a drug does to the body. | Pharmacodynamics
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| Uses normal volunteers to evaluate drug metabolism and determine effects of drug on humans. | Phase 1
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| Uses patients to determine a drugs therapeutic effects, dosage range and safety | Phases 2 and 3
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| Drug is released for general use, following a conditional approval granted by the FDA. | Phase 4
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| The extremely long, tongue-tying name of the precise chemical compound. | Chemical Name
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| Often a shortened form of the chemical name. | Generic Name
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| The proprietary or brand name | Trade Name
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| This name is chosen by the drug company so it is often short, catchy and easy to remember | Trade Name:
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| A drug may have many different trade names, but will have only one generic name, making the generic name more conducive to communication. | Trade Name:
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| Requires that all new drugs be tested for safety | The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938)
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| mandates FDA approval of any new drug before marketing. | The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938):
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| This amendment to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act stipulates that a drug must prove useful before marketing. Started clinical trials. | Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962):
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| This Act concerned itself with drug abuse divided drugs into categories called schedules | The Controlled Substances Act (1970):
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| Drugs that have no accepted use in medicine, and have high abuse potential ( e.g. marijuana, LSD) | Schedule I
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| has the highest level of abuse potential for these medically accepted drugs | Schedule II
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| When new drugs are developed, they are first tested in animals | preclinical testing
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| is done in human beings after FDA approval is given following the preclinical tests. | Clinical testing
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| The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. | Absorption
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| The movement of drugs throughout the body. | Distribution
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| The enzymatic alteration of drug structure | Metabolism:
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| The removal of drugs from the body. | Excretion
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| the largest effects that a drug can produce | Maximal Efficacy
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| The strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor. | Affinity
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| A drug that mimics the body's own regulatory processes | Agonists
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| produce their effects by preventing receptors activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs | Antagonists
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| Block activation of receptors by agonists. | Antagonists:
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| Which category (schedule) includes Morphine? | Schedule II
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| Which category of drugs is listed as high abuse with no refills? | Schedule II
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| Which category (schedule) includes Codeine and other sedatives? | Schedule IV
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| Which category (schedule) includes Benzodiazepines? | Schedule IV
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| Which category of drugs has the highest abuse potential? | Schedule I
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| Which category of drugs has a moderate abuse potential? | Schedule III
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| Which category of drugs is the least abusive? | Schedule V
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| The phase of human testing that involves the use of a limited number of individuals who are given small then increasing doses of the drug to determine the drugs safety | Phase I
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| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves larger groups of people and the reporting of any adverse reactions to the FDA? | Phase 2
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| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves a large number of patients and requires the demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the drug. | Phase 3
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| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves the postmarketing surveillance of a drug? | Phase 4
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| drug that binds to its receptor and prevents other drugs or substances from producing an effect | antagonists
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| When drugs interact with each other and produce effect that is greater than the sum of thier actions | synergism
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| drug for which dispensing requires a written or phone order that can only be issued by or under the direction of a licensed physician | prescription drug
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| The study of drugs | pharmacology
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| Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion General term having to do with actions of the body on the drug: | pharmacokinetics
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| The study of the action of drugs on living tissue | pharmacodynamics
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| The name gives the exact makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure (it is not capitalized | chemical name
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| The name given to a drug before it becomes official (not capitalized) | generic name
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| The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary; may be the same as generic name | official name
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| The name registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol (first letter is capitalized) | trade name
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| A muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain. | Effector cell
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| The loss of effectiveness of the drug because the drug is going to pass through the liver and be broken down. | First pass effect
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| The process of the drug transferring from the site of entry into the blood stream. | Drug absorption
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| The movement of the drug by the circulatory system to the site of action. | Drug distribution
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| The ability for drugs to locate a receptor | Affinity
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| Reactive cellular site on a molecule or cell; what the drug interacts with. | Receptor
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| Response from the drug action. | Drug effect
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| Interaction at the cellular level | Drug action
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| 2 like drugs are combined and the result is the sum of the drugs effects. 1 + 1 = 2. | Synergistic effects
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| The combined response of 2 drugs is less than 1 drug given alone. 1 + 1 = 0. | antagonist Effects
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| 2 drugs given together, one drug increases the effect of the other drug. | potentiation effect
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| Unexpected response; mimics a pathological disease | iatrogenic reaction
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| Drug combines with receptor but fails to produce an effect itself. It prevents an agonist from illiciting a response (prevents it from happening). Has affinity but not intrinsic activity. | antagonist
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| Has affinity (to locate receptor) and has intrinsic activity (to create changes in a cell). Creates 3 bonds with receptors to bind with receptor and changes occur within cell. | agonist
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| They attach to a receptor and stimulate the cell to act. | agonist
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|
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| When are most drugs elilminated from the body? | 4 -5 half-lifes
🗑
|
||||
| Causes cellular changes. Initiates biologic activity or efficacy. | intrinsic activity
🗑
|
||||
| The effects of the medications combined is greater than the effect of the medication when given seperately. | synergistic effect
🗑
|
||||
| This is a expected or predictable response a medication causes | therapeutic effect
🗑
|
||||
| This is severe responses to medications | adverse effect
🗑
|
||||
| unintended, secondary effects a medication predictably will cause | adverse effect
🗑
|
||||
| The excessive amounts of meds within the body may have lethal effects | toxic effect
🗑
|
||||
| This is unpredictable response | allergic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| sudden constriction of bronchiolar muscles, edema of pharynx, wheezing, SOB | anaphylactic shock
🗑
|
||||
| When the drug is given | administration
🗑
|
||||
| When the drug is taken up by the body | absorption
🗑
|
||||
| When the drug spreads through the body | distribution
🗑
|
||||
| When the drug is removed from the body | elimination
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs that block stress related activity | sympatholytic
🗑
|
||||
| lowest risk – studies have not shown a risk to women or fetus (Synthroid) | Pregnancy Categories A
🗑
|
||||
| animal studies have not shown risk to fetus or in women if they have they have not been confirmed (Amoxil, Insulin, Prozac) | Pregnancy Categories B
🗑
|
||||
| animal studies show risk to fetus, controlled studies have not been done in women ( Zovirax, Lasix) | Pregnancy Categories C
🗑
|
||||
| may cause harm to fetus, but may benefit the mother in life-threatening situation, another safe treatment is not available (tetracycline, Elavil) | Pregnancy Categories D
🗑
|
||||
| significant risk to fetus and the women | Pregnancy Categories X
🗑
|
||||
| the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. | pharmacology
🗑
|
||||
| the study of adverse effects of drugs as they interact with living systems | toxicology
🗑
|
||||
| is associated with the preparation and dispensing of drugs | pharmacy
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs that effect the body on the drug (absorption, distribution and elimation of drug) | pharmacokinetics
🗑
|
||||
| Most common mechanism of drug permeation | passive diffusion
🗑
|
||||
| Most common mechanism of drug carrier-mediated transport | ATP transportation
🗑
|
||||
| Most common mechanism of drug active-transport | endocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| The transport of materials out of the cell using a vesicle that first engulfs the material: | exocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Primary site for drug metabolism | liver
🗑
|
||||
| Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination: | kidney
🗑
|
||||
| Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the living organism | drug
🗑
|
||||
| Copyrighted name selected bu the drug company selling the drug | trade name
🗑
|
||||
| The name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer who first develops the drug; often derived from the chemical name | generic name
🗑
|
||||
| A very percise description of the drug's chemical composition, identifying the drug's atomic and molecular structure | chemical name
🗑
|
||||
| The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary; may be the same as generic name | official name
🗑
|
||||
| The symp. nervous system stimulant, parasymp. nervous system depressant. behaves similarly to antihistamines while stim. the CNS | adrenergics
🗑
|
||||
| antagonize acetylcholine; depress parasymp. NS; similar to symp. NS stimulants | anticholinergics
🗑
|
||||
| mimic or stimulate acetylcholine; stim. parasymp. NS | cholinergics
🗑
|
||||
| rugs that dilate the pupil | mydriatics
🗑
|
||||
| constrict the pupil | miotics
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs which bind to and activate receptors | agonists
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs which bind to but do not activate receptors. In so doing these drugs block receptors from the effects of agonists | antagonists:
🗑
|
||||
| the tendency of a drug to bind to its receptor | affinity
🗑
|
||||
| the ability of the drug (once bound) to activate the receptor and produce a response | efficacy
🗑
|
||||
| the potency of an agonist is the concentration of a drug that produces a pharmacological response and is determined both by affinity and efficacy. | potency
🗑
|
||||
| Passage of drugs from blood into brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitutes a special aspect of membranal, transfer. | Blood-Brain Barrier
🗑
|
||||
| Binding of drugs to plasma proteins (PP), usually ALBUMIN fraction, leads to high concentrations of drug in the plasma. | Protein Binding
🗑
|
||||
| consists of network of neuronal connections between the brain and all parts of the body. | nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| which consists of the brain and the spinal cord | central nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| which connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. | peripheral nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| Administration of adrenergic agonist drugs induce responses of 'fight or flight' | sympathomimetics
🗑
|
||||
| These types of drugs are refered to as sympathomimetics as they mimic sympathetic stimulation. | sympathomimetics
🗑
|
||||
| Administration of adrenergic antagonist drugs prevent the responses of 'fight or flight'. | sympatholytics
🗑
|
||||
| These types of drugs are refered to as sympatholytics as they block or inhibit sympathetic stimulation. | sympatholytics
🗑
|
||||
| the way the drug enters the body and reaches the bloodstream | absorption
🗑
|
||||
| where the drug goes in the body after it has been absorbed) | distribution
🗑
|
||||
| how it is changed by the body - e.g. in the liver) | metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| the route by which it, or its metabolites, leave the body - e.g. in the urine via the kidney). | elimination
🗑
|
||||
| Block stress related activity | sympatholytics
🗑
|
||||
| Dilate peripheral blood vessels | vasodilators
🗑
|
||||
| written lower case | generic
🗑
|
||||
| capitalized | trade name
🗑
|
||||
| overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeatedly | addiction:
🗑
|
||||
| physiological or psychological need for a substance | dependency:
🗑
|
||||
| digestive tract | Enteral
🗑
|
||||
| major route; Given into the cardiovascular circulation | parenteral
🗑
|
||||
| by application onto the skin or associated membranes | topical
🗑
|
||||
| drug’s strength at a certain concentration or dose | potency
🗑
|
||||
| ability of a drug to produce a more intense response as the concentration is increased | efficacy
🗑
|
||||
| What type of drugs would you avoid if a patient has asthma? | cholinergic agents
🗑
|
||||
| Which division of the ANS is designed to cope with sudden emergencies such as fight or flight? | SANS
🗑
|
||||
| Which division of the ANS is concerned with the conservation of body processes? | PANS
🗑
|
||||
| Which agent would cause miosis? | cholinergic
🗑
|
||||
| Which agent would cause mydrosis? | adrenergic
🗑
|
||||
| Which agent would cause a decrease in the heart rate? | cholinergic
🗑
|
||||
| Which agents can cause an increase in salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (SLUD)? | cholinergic
🗑
|
||||
| Agents that mimic the effects of the SANS are called: | Sympathomimetics; Adrenergic
🗑
|
||||
| What is the neurotransmitter substance released at the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fiber in the PANS? | acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the neurotransmitter substance released at the synapse between the preganglionic nerve fiber and the postganglionic nerve fiber in the SANS? | acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| Agents that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. | Anticholinergic agents; Parasympatholytic agents
🗑
|
||||
| Which agents can be used in the treatment of asthma? | adrenergic agents
🗑
|
||||
| Which agents are added to local anesthetic solutions to prolong their action? | adrenergic agents
🗑
|
||||
| What substances are released at the synaptic cleft in order to facilitate nerve-to-nerve or nerve-to-effector tissue communication | neurotransmitters
🗑
|
||||
| Which type of drug would you avoid if a patient has a peptic ulcer? | cholinergic
🗑
|
||||
| Which agent would increase saliva? | cholinergic
🗑
|
||||
| Which neurotransmitter substance is released between the postganglionic fiber and the effector tissue in the PANS? | acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the neurotransmitter substance released between the postganglionic fiber and the effector tissue of the SANS? | norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Nerves that release acetylcholine are called: | cholinergic
🗑
|
||||
| True or False:The route of administration of a drug affects both the onset and duration of response. | True
🗑
|
||||
| A drug that has affinity for a receptor and when it combines with that receptor it produces an effect | agonist
🗑
|
||||
| The passage of drugs across the placenta involves | simple diffusion
🗑
|
||||
| True or False:There are no disadvantages to the administration of drugs via the oral route. | False (stomach and intestinal irritation may result and certain drugs are inactivated by the acidity or enzymes in the GI tract.)
🗑
|
||||
| If a drug is a weak acid and the pH of the site rises, what will occur? | Drug CANNOT penetrate the tissues easil
🗑
|
||||
| Which route of administration is useful for emergencies, unconsciousness, lack of cooperation, or nausea? | parenteral
🗑
|
||||
| Lipid soluble substances move across the lipoprotein membrane by way of: | Simple diffusion
🗑
|
||||
| True or False:The efficacy of a drug is not related to its potency. | True
🗑
|
||||
| What route is used to administer the tuberculosis skin test? | Intradermal Route
🗑
|
||||
| What type of administration involves the injection of solutions into the spinal subarachnoid space? | Intrathecal Route
🗑
|
||||
| What type of drugs can be administered by inhalation? | Gaseous
🗑
|
||||
| If a drug is a weak acid, what happens if the pH of the site falls? | Drug CAN penetrate the tissues easily
🗑
|
||||
| Which type of administration produces the slowest onset of action? | Oral
🗑
|
||||
| True or False:Drugs are bound irreversibly to plasma proteins. | False
🗑
|
||||
| The most common problems with transdermal patches includes all except: | Hematoma
🗑
|
||||
| Which route is commonly used for the administration of insulin? | subcutaneous route
🗑
|
||||
| Refers to the time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect. | Onset
🗑
|
||||
| The length of a drug's effect. | duration
🗑
|
||||
| Which distribution site elicits the therapeutic response desired? | Specific site
🗑
|
||||
| Give an example of a physiologic effect caused by drugs. | lowering blood pressure
🗑
|
||||
| If a drug is a weak base, what happens if the pH of the site rises? | Drug CAN penetrate the tissues easily
🗑
|
||||
| Refers to the route when drugs are administered by bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and includes injections, inhalation, and topical administration? | parenteral
🗑
|
||||
| The disadvantages of the parenteral route include all except: | Self medication is difficult, More painful
🗑
|
||||
| The maximum intensity of effect or response that can be obtained when a sufficient amount of a drug is administered | Efficacy
🗑
|
||||
| True or False;The blood levels obtained after oral administration are less predictable than those obtained parenterally. | True
🗑
|
||||
| An advantage of the oral route is the large absorbing area present in the stomach. | The statement is partially true (absorption occurs in the small intestine)
🗑
|
||||
| Which route of administration results in fast absorption, thereby producing rapid onset and a more predictable response? | Injection
🗑
|
||||
| The time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug present in the circulation at any given time. | half-life
🗑
|
||||
| The body's way of changing a drug so that it can be excreted by the kidneys | metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| The effect that occurs when drugs are given orally and are passed through the hepatic portal circulation, which inactivates some drugs. | first-pass effect
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two routes of administration drugs called? | enteral, parenteral
🗑
|
||||
| A process by which a substance is transported against a concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient. | active transport
🗑
|
||||
| The need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug to obtain the same effects as the original dose. | drug tolerance
🗑
|
||||
| A drug that binds to a receptor site that is different from the binding site for the agonist. | noncompetitive antagonist
🗑
|
||||
| The passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids, and intracellular fluids | distribution
🗑
|
||||
| Refers to the route used when drugs are placed directly into the gastrointestinal tract by oral or rectal administration | enteral
🗑
|
||||
| The study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, and leaves the body and what factors influence the movements. | pharmacokinetics
🗑
|
||||
| A drug that interacts with the same receptor site as the agonist and competes with the agonist for action. | competitive antagonist
🗑
|
||||
| What type of administration produces the most rapid drug response, with an almost immediate onset of action? | Intravenous Route
🗑
|
||||
| If the half life of a drug is 1 hour, how long would it take for the drug to be gone from the body? | 5 hours
🗑
|
||||
| A chemical substance used for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease or for the prevention of pregnancy. | drugs
🗑
|
||||
| The process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of administration in the body to the circulating fluids. | absorption
🗑
|
||||
| The effect produced at a certain dose of the drug that cannot be increased with a higher dose of the drug is the: | maximum effect
🗑
|
||||
| atropine (blocks ACh action on the heart) | antagonists
🗑
|
||||
| An action of a drug that is other than the desired action is called? | side effect
🗑
|
||||
| Drug delivery method LEAST suitable for long term (days to weeks) slow release | time release capsule
🗑
|
||||
| Primary site for drug metabolism | liver
🗑
|
||||
| Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination: | kidney
🗑
|
||||
| Number of half-lives required to go from one steady-state to another: | 4
🗑
|
||||
| Direct cardiac effects decrease heart rate; decrease contractility | parasympathetic
🗑
|
||||
| Cholinergic activity on stomach acid secretion | increase
🗑
|
||||
| The main route of administration of a drug to produce a local effect is: | topical
🗑
|
||||
| The main routes of administration of a drug to provide a systemic effect are | Oral, Parenteral
🗑
|
||||
| Parenteral administration of a drug refers to the giving of a preparation: | Intradermally,Intramuscularly, Intravenously
🗑
|
||||
| If gut motility is increased then drug absorption is | decreased
🗑
|
||||
| The rate of drug absorption is greatest in the: | small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| Most drugs and metabolites are excreted by: | kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| When the body sees the drug as an antigen and an immune response is established against the drug | drug allergy
🗑
|
||||
| Drug that helps to constrict the blood vessels and relax airway passages; it may be used to counter a severe allergic reaction. | ephinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Powder, usually pre-mixed with water, that will absorb some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body. | activated charcoal
🗑
|
||||
| The name that the manufacturer uses in marketing a drug is called the _____ name: | trade
🗑
|
||||
| A circumstance in which a drug should not be used because it may cause harm to the patient or offer no effect in improving the patient's condition or illness is called a (n) | contraindication
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs prescribed to relax the smooth muscles of the bronchial tubes are called | bronchodilators
🗑
|
||||
| Medication administered through the mucous membrane | sublingual administration
🗑
|
||||
| Most dangerous route for medication administration | intraveous
🗑
|
||||
| Drug applied directly to a body site | topical application
🗑
|
||||
| Has the longest absorption time of all parenteral routes | intradermal
🗑
|
||||
| Often used for drugs that are irritating, since there are few nerve endings in this deep tissue | ntramuscular
🗑
|
||||
| lies between the epidermis and the muscle | subcutaneous tissue
🗑
|
||||
| subcutaneous tissue | anaphylactic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Disease caused unintentionally by drug therapy | iatrogenic disease
🗑
|
||||
| An abnormal or peculiar response to a drug that may manifest itself by overresponse, underresponse, or response different from the expected outcome | idosyncratic effect
🗑
|
||||
| Occurs when the body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered | cumulative effect
🗑
|
||||
| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect greater than that of each drug alone | synergistic effect
🗑
|
||||
| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect less than that of each drug alone | antagonistic effect
🗑
|
||||
| This system is reponsible for the day to day function of the body. | Parasympatheic Nervous System
🗑
|
||||
| This system prodominates the body when under stress. | Sysmpatheic Nervous System.
🗑
|
||||
| The principle area of intergration of the Autonomic Nervous system is? | Hypothalamas
🗑
|
||||
| All preganglionic neurons both in the PNS and CNS release the nurohumoral subtance | acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| All postganglionic neurons in the PNS release: | acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| The Parasympatheic NS system is sometimes called this: | cholinergic system
🗑
|
||||
| Most postganglionic fibers in the Sysmpathenic Nerous system release: | norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| The Sysmpathenic NS system is sometimes called this: | adrenergic system
🗑
|
||||
| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 80% of this: | epinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 20% of this: | norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasodilation of: | skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasocntriction: | skin and viscera
🗑
|
||||
| Activation of Alpha-1 receptors in the vascalture produces: | constriction
🗑
|
||||
| Activation of Beta-2 receptors in the vascalture produces: | dilatation
🗑
|
||||
| The most carefully monitored drugs that have a high potential for abuse and may cause dependence | controlled substances
🗑
|
||||
| The hypersensitivity to a drug where the immune system views the drug as a foreign substance | allergic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| When taking numerous drugs that can potnetially react with one another | polypharmacy
🗑
|
||||
| This is undesirable drug effects | adverse reactions
🗑
|
||||
| Any any substance that causes abnormal developement of the fetus | teratogen
🗑
|
||||
| cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives | hypnotics
🗑
|
||||
| cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives | sedatives
🗑
|
||||
| Maintains current functions, does not prevent progression. | Maintenance Therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Intensive drug therapy used to sustain life | Acute Therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Need to maintain normal function. | Supplemental Therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Maintains body function integrity. | Supportive Therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Preventive care. | Prophylactic Therapy
🗑
|
||||
| End of life care, comfort measures. | Palliative Therapy
🗑
|
||||
| given upon approval by the FDA , sometimes shortened chemical name | generic name
🗑
|
||||
| name given by mfg because of the chemical atributes | chemical name
🗑
|
||||
| given by the mfg, something catchy having to do with what it does | brand, trade,
🗑
|
||||
| What book only lists FDA approved drugs and is the most used reference in a doctor’s office? | PDF
🗑
|
||||
| The two categories of neuropharmacologic agents are: | PNS drugs, CNS drugs
🗑
|
||||
| Central nervous system controls: | Brain and spinal cord
🗑
|
||||
| The study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system: | Neuropharmacology
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral nervous system controls: | Somatic motor, Autonomic systems
🗑
|
||||
| Autonomic system is divied into: | Parasympathetic, Sympathetic
🗑
|
||||
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS: | acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS : | norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS: | epinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS: | dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System: | cholinergic
🗑
|
||||
| Receptor mediated by acetylcholine: | cholinergic receptor
🗑
|
||||
| Receptor mediated by norepinephrine and epinephrine: | adrenergic receptor
🗑
|
||||
| Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System: | adrenergic
🗑
|
||||
| Subtypes of Cholinergic | Nicotinic
🗑
|
||||
| Subtypes of Cholinergic | Nicotinic m
🗑
|
||||
| Subtypes of Cholinergic | Muscarinic
🗑
|
||||
| Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor: | Alpha1 and alpha2
🗑
|
||||
| Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor: | Beta1 and beta2
🗑
|
||||
| Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor: | Dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes ganglia transmission: | Nicotinic n (neuronal)
🗑
|
||||
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes release of epinephrine: | Nicotinic n (neuronal
🗑
|
||||
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes contraction of skeletal muscle: | Nicotinic m (muscle)
🗑
|
||||
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes activates parasympathetic nervous system: | Muscarinic
🗑
|
||||
| Regulation of cardiovascular system is a functions of the : | Sympathetic Nervous System
🗑
|
||||
| Regulation of body temperature is a functions of the: | Sympathetic Nervous System
🗑
|
||||
| Implementation of “fight or flight” reaction is a functions of the : | Sympathetic Nervous System
🗑
|
||||
| Vasoconstriction is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes: | Alpha1
🗑
|
||||
| Ejaculation is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes: | Alpha1
🗑
|
||||
| Contraction of bladder neck and prostate is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes: | Alpha1
🗑
|
||||
| located in presynaptic junction: | Alpha2
🗑
|
||||
| Adrenergic receptor subtype with minimal clinical significance: | Alpha2
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the heart: | Beta1
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase heart rate: | Beta1
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase force of contraction: | Beta1
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase n velocity of conduction in AV node: | Beta1
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the kidney: | Beta1
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that promotes renin release: | Beta 1
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the lungs: | Beta 2
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that causes bronchial dilation | Beta 2
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that causes relaxation of uterine muscle | Beta 2
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that promotes vasodilation | Beta 2
🗑
|
||||
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that n Dilates renal blood vessels: | Dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Heart rate
🗑
|
||||
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Gastric secretions
🗑
|
||||
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Bladder and bowel
🗑
|
||||
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Vision
🗑
|
||||
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Bronchial smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Adrenergic agonists are also know as: | Sympathomimetics
🗑
|
||||
| Alpha 1 & 2 receptors controls: | Blood vessels & Pupils
🗑
|
||||
| Beta 1 recpetors controls: | Heart
🗑
|
||||
| Beta 2 receptors controls: | Lungs
🗑
|
||||
| Major neurotransmitter released at end organ effectors of the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system: | norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Neurotransmitter of preganglionic fibers | acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| "Fight or flight" activation of the ANS: | blood flow shifted from cutaneous beds to skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Dopamine beta hydroxylase catalyzes: | dopamine to norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Most potent at beta adrenergic receptors | isoproterenol (Isuprel)
🗑
|
||||
| Powerful agonist at both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors | epinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Predominant autonomic tone: | salivary glands: parasympathetic
🗑
|
||||
| Positive inotropic drug that at low doses specifically promotes an increase in renal blood flow: | dopamine (Intropin)
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| Preganglionic fibers terminating on adrenal medullary chromaffin cells release: | acetylcholine
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| Primary receptor type at autonomic ganglia: | cholinergic: nicotinic
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| Enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis: | choline acetyltransferase
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| Cholinergic receptor type that mediates the decrease in heart rate: | muscarinic
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| Drugs activating this receptor are used in treating asthma: | beta2 adrenergic
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| Epinephrine effects on the heart: | coronary vasodilation
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| Receptor activation mainly responsible for positive inotropism: | beta1
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| Epinephrine effects by the increased rate of the: | heart
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| Epinephrine effects on respiration: | stimulation
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| Activates alpha receptors: | phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine
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| Orthostatic (postural) hypotension: | alpha receptor blocker
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| Norepinephrine pressor response blocked by: | prazosin (Minipress)
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| albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil),ipratropium (Atrovent) | Bronchodilation
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| Positive chronotropic effects of epinephrine: | beta1 receptor activation
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| Most likely to increase myocardial afterload: | phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
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| Decreases blood pressure: | propranolol (Inderal
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| Prevents blood pressure reduction seen with isoproterenol (Isuprel): | propranolol (Inderal)
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| Physiological effects associated with isoproterenol (Isuprel): | increased blood glucose
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| Immediate biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine | norepinephrine
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| Isoproterenol (Isuprel): cardiopulmonary effects: | increases peripheral resistance
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| cardiopulmonary effects of Isoproterenol (Isuprel): | positive chronotropism
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| Albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil): | bronchodilation
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| sympathomimetic; at low doses: increases renal blood flow: | dopamine
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| beta-1 selective receptor blocker: | metoprolol (Lopressor)
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| Effective in reversing respiratory and cardiovascular effects of anaphylactic shock: | eprinephrine
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| Major neurotransmitter at sympathetic nerve endings: | norepinephrine, noradrenaline
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| The action of sympathomimetic drugs on the liver causes an increase in blood glucose levels by a process called: | glycogenolysis
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| Direct sympathetic effects on the heart are mediated by this receptor type: | beta repeptor
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| The dominant autonomic tone in the heart is: | parasympathetic, cholinergic, acetylcholine
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| Major neurotransmitter at autonomic ganglia: | nicotinic, acetylcholine
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| This drug increases heart rate, contributing to increase blood pressure: | Epinephrine
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| alpha-1 adrenergic receptor-mediated affecting precapillary resistance vessels of the skin, kidney, and mucosa | Vasoconstrictive effects of epinephrine
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| Rapid administration of epinephrine, with resulting significant systolic pressure elevation will cause this effect on heart rate: | decrease in heart rate
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| A decrease in diastolic pressures associated with epinephrine administration would most likely occur in which dosage? | relatively low doses
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| Prominent cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor type: | beta-1
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| Significant respiratory tract effects of epinephrine: | beta-2 receptor-mediated bronchodilation
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| Epinephrine effects on AV nodall conduction: | increased conduction velocity
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| Major adrenergic effects on skin/mucosa arteriole vascular beds: | constriction
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| beta-2 adrenergic receptor mediated effects on skeletal muscle arteriole vasculature: | dilation
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| Alpha-adrenergic effects on pulmonary arterioles: | constriction
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| Beta-adrenergic effects on pulmonary arterioles: | dilation
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|
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| Alpha-adrenergic effects on renal arterioles: | constriction
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| beta-2 adrenergic receptor effects on systemic veins: | dilation
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| Major alpha-adrenergic receptor effect on renin secretion: | decrease
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| Decreases bronchial gland secretion: | alpha-1 adrenergic
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| Immediate synthetic precursor of norepinephrine: | dopamine
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| CNS neurotransmitter associated with the basal ganglia and motor control: | dopamine, acetylcholine
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| Low doses, this precursor of norepinephrine causes renovascular dilation: | dopamine (Intropin)
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| Significant therapeutic use for dopamine: | treatment of cardiogenic/hypovolemic shock
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|
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| Has limited action at alpha-adrenergic receptors: | isoproterenol (Isuprel)
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|
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| Cardiovascular characteristics of patients who might benefit from IV dopamine (Intropin) administration: | high urinary output
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||||
| Simultaneous increases in myocardial contractility, glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion, urine output, and renal blood flow are associated most likely with: | dopamine (Intropin)
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|
||||
| positive inotropic effect is mediated through beta-adrenergic receptor activation | dobutamine (Dobutrex):
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|
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| Examples of beta-2 selective adrenergic agonists: | albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil)
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|
||||
| Primary use for alpha-2-selective adrenergic agonists: | to reduce blood pressure
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|
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