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Drug Law Review
Federal Drug Laws and Standards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The following law classifies drugs according to potential for abuse & usefullness in medicine from a Class 1 to Class 5? | Controlled Substances Act |
| The following law established for accurately labeling of drug products? | Pure Food & Drug Act |
| The following laws required testing to proof that new drugs are safe? | Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act |
| The following laws required that drugs be prescribed by a doctor and dispensed by a pharmacist? | Durham-Humphrey Amendment |
| The following laws required that drugs must show proof of effectiveness? | Kefauver-Harris Ammendment |
| This law required the regulation of narcotics distribution and categorizes them according to their medical usefullness? | Controlled Substances Act |
| What law establish the production of drugs that affect relatively few people? | Orphan Drug Act |
| Which agency is in charge of enforcing the drug laws? | Food and Drug Administion |
| Which agency regulates vaccines and other biologic products? | Public Health Service |
| Which agency stops misleading advertisements of non-prescription drugs? | Federal Trade Commission |
| Which law shortened the time required for developing and marketing of new drugs? | Drug Reguation Reform Act |
| This law establish restriction on narcotics, NO importing, manufacture and sale? | Harrison Narcotic Act |
| Nuremburg Code | Rights of human subjects to be protected in medical research? |
| What phase of studies of a drug on a small group of healthy volunteers, to determine safe dosages. | Phase I Clinical Trials |
| Studies of the drug on a small group < than a 100 with the disease and the reponses are studed. | Phase II Clinical Trials |
| What studies of the drug on a large group with the disease studies are design to remove bias. | Phase III Clinical Trials |
| Post market study of a drug with volunteer basis, after first three phases are review. | Phase IV Clinical Trials |
| During what phase a drug is approved for selling. | Phase III Clinical Trials |
| A new drug application is submitted for approval during what phase? | Phase III Clinical Trials |
| Determine drug dosage and pharmacokintinetics are done during this phase. | Phase I Clinical Trials |
| During this phase drugs are determine for effectineness and side effects on a small group of people. | Phase II Clinical Trials |
| During this phase a placebo is used to determine ranges for effectiveness, safety and dosage range. | Phase III Clinical Trials |
| Drugs not approved for medical use, that have high abuse protential. | Schedule 1 Drug Class |
| Drugs that are used used medical but have a high potential for abuse. | Schedule 2 Drug Class |
| Drugs that are less potential for abuse than in Classes 1 &2 | Schedule 3 Drug Class |
| Schedule 4 Drug Class | Schedule 4 Drug Class |
| Schedule 5 Drug Class | Schedule 5 Drug Class |
| What name is given to a drug during the investigation phase? | Chemical Name |
| Which organization determines which drugs can be marketed in the United States? | Food and Drug Administration |
| How many generic names can a drug have? | Only One |
| Which agency regulates the manufacture and distribution of substances that have a potential for abuse? | Drug Enforcement Administration |
| The study of drugs | Pharmacology |
| When two formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards established by the regulatory agencies, they are said to be: | Chemically equivalent |
| When two formulations of drugs produce similar concentrations of the drug in the blood and tissues, they are said to be: | Biologically equivalent |
| When two formulations of a drug prove to have an equal therapeutic effect in a clinical trial, they are said to be | Therapeutically equivalent |
| What are the FDA requirements that pertain to the substitution of trade name products with generic? | The active ingredients of the generic product must enter the blood stream at the same rate as the trade name product. |
| When is the best time to schedule an asthmatic patient? | P.M. |
| When is the best time to schedule a diabetic patient? | AM |
| Which agency regulates the trade practices of drug companies and prohibits the false advertising of foods, nonprescription drugs, and cosmetics? | Federal Trade Commission |
| How long is a trade name protected by the Federal Patent Law? | 17 years |
| The generic name of a drug is: | Not capitalized |
| The trade name of a drug is: | Capitalized |
| Before generic drugs are marketed they must be shown to be: | Biologically equivalent |
| Which name is given to a drug when it is determined to be useful and will be commercially marketed? | Trade Name |
| When naming drugs, which name is selected by the U.S. Adopted Name Council? | Generic Name |
| atropine (blocks ACh action on the heart) | antagonists |
| Prevent binding of other molecules to a receptor by their binding to the receptor? | antagonists |
| Term having to do with drug actions on the body: | pharmacodynamics |
| Dramatic decrease in systemic availability of a drug following oral administration is most likely due to: | hepatic "first-pass" effect |
| General term having to do with actions of the body on the drug: | pharmacokinetics |
| Most common mechanism of drug permeation | passive diffusion |
| Most common mechanism of drug carrier-mediated transport | ATP transportation |
| Most common mechanism of drug active-transport | endocytosis |
| Primary site for drug metabolism | liver |
| Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination: | kidney |
| Number of half-lives required to go from one steady-state to another: | 4 |
| The way in which the body affects a drug by the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion: | pharmacokinetics |
| The effects of the drug on the body and the mode of drug action | pharmacodynamics |
| A drug that binds to a cell receptor and causes a response is called an: | agonist |
| When the body sees the drug as an antigen and an immune response is established against the drug | drug allergy |
| Brand name of a medication: | trade name |
| Drug that helps to constrict the blood vessels and relax airway passages; it may be used to counter a severe allergic reaction. | ephinephrine |
| Powder, usually pre-mixed with water, that will absorb some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body. | activated charcoal |
| Patients who have a medical history of asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis may carry: | bronchodilator |
| The name that the manufacturer uses in marketing a drug is called the _____ name: | trade |
| A circumstance in which a drug should not be used because it may cause harm to the patient or offer no effect in improving the patient's condition or illness is called a (n) | contraindication |
| An action of a drug that is other than the desired action is called? | side effect |
| Medication administered through the mucous membrane | sublingual |
| Medication administered via the respiratory tract | inhalation |
| Most dangerous route for medication administration | intraveous |
| Drug applied directly to a body site | topical |
| Has the longest absorption time of all parenteral routes | intradermal |
| Often used for drugs that are irritating, since there are few nerve endings in this deep tissue | intramuscular |
| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect greater than that of each drug alone | synergistic effect |
| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect less than that of each drug alone | antagonistic effect |
| An abnormal or peculiar response to a drug that may manifest itself by overresponse, underresponse, or response different from the expected outcome | idosyncratic effect |
| Occurs when the body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered | cumulative effect |
| Exists when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over a period of time | drug tolerance |
| Occurs in an individual who has been previously exposed to the drug and has developed antibodies | drug allergy |
| Disease caused unintentionally by drug therapy | iatrogenic disease |
| The breakdown of a drug into an inactive form | metabolism |
| The movement of a drug throughout the body after it has been absorbed into the bloodstream | distribution |
| The process by which a drug transferred from its site of entry into the body to the bloodstream | absorption |
| The process by which drugs alter cell physiology | pharmacodynamics |
| Copyrighted name selected bu the drug company selling the drug | trade name |
| The name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer who first develops the drug; often derived from the chemical name | generic name |
| A very percise description of the drug's chemical composition, identifying the drug's atomic and molecular structure | chemical name |
| An order conveying the medication plans to others | prescription |
| The study that deals with chemicals affecting the body's functioning | pharmacology |
| Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the living organism | drug |
| This system is reponsible for the day to day function of the body | Parasympatheic Nervous System |
| This system prodominates the body when under stress. | Sysmpatheic Nervous System |
| The principle area of intergration of the Autonomic Nervous system is? | Hypothalamas |
| All preganglionic neurons both in the PNS and CNS release the nurohumoral subtance: | Acetylcholine |
| All postganglionic neurons in the PNS release: | Acetylcholine |
| The Parasympatheic NS system is sometimes called this: | Cholinergic system |
| Most postganglionic fibers in the Sysmpathenic Nerous system release: | Norepinephrine |
| The Sysmpathenic NS system is sometimes called this: | Adrenergic system |
| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 80% of this: | Epinephrine |
| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 20% of this: | Norepinephrine |
| Intensive drug therapy used to sustain life. | Acute Therapy |
| Maintains current functions, does not prevent progression. | Maintenance Therapy |
| Need to maintain normal function. | Supplemental Therapy |
| Maintains body function integrity. | Supportive Therapy |
| Preventive care. | Prophylactic Therapy |
| End of life care, comfort measures. | Palliative Therapy |
| given upon approval by the FDA , sometimes shortened chemical name | generic name |
| name given by mfg because of the chemical atributes | chemical name |
| given by the mfg, something catchy having to do with what it does | brand, trade, |
| The undesirable reactions of a drug are called: | Adverse effects |
| The clinically desirable actions of a drug are called: | Therapeutic effects |
| What is the main purpose of phase 2 of human testing of drugs? | Effectiveness |
| Using the FDA categories for classifying teratogenic drugs, which one of the following would be considered the least likely to cause birth defects? | A |
| Using the FDA categories for classifying teratogenic drugs, which one of the following would be considered the most likely to cause birth defects? | X |
| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves a large number of patients and requires the demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the drug. | Phase 3 |
| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves the postmarketing surveillance of a drug? | Phase 4 |
| The phase of human testing that involves the use of a limited number of individuals who are given small then increasing doses of the drug to determine the drugs safety. | Phase I |
| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves larger groups of people and the reporting of any adverse reactions to the FDA? | Phase 2 |
| Which category (schedule) includes Morphine? | Schedule II |
| Which category of drugs is listed as high abuse with no refills? | Schedule II |
| Which category (schedule) includes Codeine and other sedatives? | Schedule III |
| Which category (schedule) includes Benzodiazepines? | Schedule IV |
| Which category of drugs has the highest abuse potential? | Schedule I |
| Which category of drugs has a moderate abuse potential? | Schedule III |
| Which category of drugs is the least abusive? | Schedule |
| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasodilation: | skeletal muscle |
| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasocntriction: | skin and viscera |
| Activation of Alpha-1 receptors in the vascalture produces: | constriction |
| Activation of Beta-2 receptors in the vascalture produces: | dilatation |
| The measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body (time to elimiante 50% of the drug) | half-life |
| The process by which a drug is converted by the liver to inactive compounds through a series of chemical reactions | biotransformation |
| The study of drugs and their action on living organisms | pharmacology |
| drugs that the federal government has designated to be potentially harmful unless thier use is supervised by a licensed health care provider | prescription drugs |
| The most carefully monitored drugs that have a high potential for abuse and may cause dependence | controlled substances |
| The compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience | psychological dependency |
| The activities within the body after a drug is administered | pharmacokinetics |
| These speicalized macromolecule that attatches or binds to the drug molecule | receptor |
| These drugs that bind with a receptor to produce a therapeutic response | agonists |
| These drugs join with a receptor to prevent the action of an agonist | antagonists |
| This is undesirable drug effects | adverse reactions |
| The hypersensitivity to a drug where the immune system views the drug as a foreign substance | allergic reaction |
| This extremely serious allergic reaction that occurs shortly after drug administration | anaphylactic shock |
| This allergic drug reaction causing collection of fluid in subq tissues | angioedema |
| Any abnormal or unsusal reaction to a drug ex. sleeping pill makes you wide awake | idiosyncrasy |
| A decreased response to a drug requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect | drug tolerance |
| When the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one normal dose of drug before the next is given | cumulative drug effect |
| genetically determined abnormal response to a normal dose of a drug | pharmacogentic disorder |
| The combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone ex: alcohol + heparin=increased bleeding | additive drug |
| When drugs interact with each other and produce effect that is greater than the sum of thier actions | synergism |
| When taking numerous drugs that can potnetially react with one another | polypharmacy |
| gives the exact makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure (it is not capitalized) | chemical name |
| The name given to a drug before it becomes official (not capitalized) | generic name |
| The name registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol (first letter is capitalized) | trade name |
| Any any substance that causes abnormal developement of the fetus | teratogen |
| The process by which a drug is made available for use in the body | absorption |
| The human systemic circulation distributes drugs to various body tissues or target sites | distribution |
| The elimination of drugs from the body usually through the kidney but also through sweat, breast milk, breath, feces | excretion |
| A desired or therapeutic effect | primary effect |
| all other effects whether desirable or undesirable | secondary effects |
| The symp. nervous system stimulant, parasymp. nervous system depressant. behaves similarly to antihistamines while stim. the CNS | adrenergics |
| block secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine; antagonize the adrenergics; symp. depressant | antiadrenergics |
| antagonize acetylcholine; depress parasymp. NS; similar to symp. NS stimulants | anticholinergics |
| mimic or stimulate acetylcholine; stim. parasymp. NS | cholinergics |
| dilate the pupil | mydriatics |
| constrict the pupil | miotics |
| CNS depressant, interfere with nerve impulse conduction of pain perception | analgesics |
| some produce unconsciousness and loss of sensation by blocking the conduction of impulse to the brain from nerves to which they are injected, or applied, producing no loss in consciousness | anesthetics |
| cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives | hypnotics |
| cause quieting and drowsiness - lower dosage than hypnotics | sedatives |
| effect of one drug added to another - same mechanism | additive effect |
| drugs taken together (similar effect) produce effect that is > effects of each added together - different mechanism | synergistic effect (synergism) |
| the study of drugs and the way they interact with living systems | Pharmacology |
| the study of drugs in humans. | Clinical pharmacology |
| any chemical that can effect living processes | drug |
| the medical use of drugs. | Therapeutics |
| This is the most important quality that a drug can have.refers to the drug's ability to do what it is supposed to do. | Effectiveness |
| Although no drug can be totally safe, proper usage can lessen the risks of adverse ffects | Safety |
| The way the body deals with a drug. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion | Pharmacokinetics |
| What a drug does to the body. | Pharmacodynamics |
| Uses normal volunteers to evaluate drug metabolism and determine effects of drug on humans. | Phase 1 |
| Uses patients to determine a drugs therapeutic effects, dosage range and safety | Phases 2 and 3 |
| Drug is released for general use, following a conditional approval granted by the FDA. | Phase 4 |
| The extremely long, tongue-tying name of the precise chemical compound. | Chemical Name |
| Often a shortened form of the chemical name. | Generic Name |
| The proprietary or brand name | Trade Name |
| This name is chosen by the drug company so it is often short, catchy and easy to remember | Trade Name: |
| A drug may have many different trade names, but will have only one generic name, making the generic name more conducive to communication. | Trade Name: |
| Requires that all new drugs be tested for safety | The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938) |
| mandates FDA approval of any new drug before marketing. | The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938): |
| This amendment to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act stipulates that a drug must prove useful before marketing. Started clinical trials. | Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962): |
| This Act concerned itself with drug abuse divided drugs into categories called schedules | The Controlled Substances Act (1970): |
| Drugs that have no accepted use in medicine, and have high abuse potential ( e.g. marijuana, LSD) | Schedule I |
| has the highest level of abuse potential for these medically accepted drugs | Schedule II |
| When new drugs are developed, they are first tested in animals | preclinical testing |
| is done in human beings after FDA approval is given following the preclinical tests. | Clinical testing |
| The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. | Absorption |
| The movement of drugs throughout the body. | Distribution |
| The enzymatic alteration of drug structure | Metabolism: |
| The removal of drugs from the body. | Excretion |
| the largest effects that a drug can produce | Maximal Efficacy |
| The strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor. | Affinity |
| A drug that mimics the body's own regulatory processes | Agonists |
| produce their effects by preventing receptors activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs | Antagonists |
| Block activation of receptors by agonists. | Antagonists: |
| Which category (schedule) includes Morphine? | Schedule II |
| Which category of drugs is listed as high abuse with no refills? | Schedule II |
| Which category (schedule) includes Codeine and other sedatives? | Schedule IV |
| Which category (schedule) includes Benzodiazepines? | Schedule IV |
| Which category of drugs has the highest abuse potential? | Schedule I |
| Which category of drugs has a moderate abuse potential? | Schedule III |
| Which category of drugs is the least abusive? | Schedule V |
| The phase of human testing that involves the use of a limited number of individuals who are given small then increasing doses of the drug to determine the drugs safety | Phase I |
| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves larger groups of people and the reporting of any adverse reactions to the FDA? | Phase 2 |
| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves a large number of patients and requires the demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the drug. | Phase 3 |
| Which phase of human testing of a drug involves the postmarketing surveillance of a drug? | Phase 4 |
| drug that binds to its receptor and prevents other drugs or substances from producing an effect | antagonists |
| When drugs interact with each other and produce effect that is greater than the sum of thier actions | synergism |
| drug for which dispensing requires a written or phone order that can only be issued by or under the direction of a licensed physician | prescription drug |
| The study of drugs | pharmacology |
| Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion General term having to do with actions of the body on the drug: | pharmacokinetics |
| The study of the action of drugs on living tissue | pharmacodynamics |
| The name gives the exact makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure (it is not capitalized | chemical name |
| The name given to a drug before it becomes official (not capitalized) | generic name |
| The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary; may be the same as generic name | official name |
| The name registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol (first letter is capitalized) | trade name |
| A muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain. | Effector cell |
| The loss of effectiveness of the drug because the drug is going to pass through the liver and be broken down. | First pass effect |
| The process of the drug transferring from the site of entry into the blood stream. | Drug absorption |
| The movement of the drug by the circulatory system to the site of action. | Drug distribution |
| The ability for drugs to locate a receptor | Affinity |
| Reactive cellular site on a molecule or cell; what the drug interacts with. | Receptor |
| Response from the drug action. | Drug effect |
| Interaction at the cellular level | Drug action |
| 2 like drugs are combined and the result is the sum of the drugs effects. 1 + 1 = 2. | Synergistic effects |
| The combined response of 2 drugs is less than 1 drug given alone. 1 + 1 = 0. | antagonist Effects |
| 2 drugs given together, one drug increases the effect of the other drug. | potentiation effect |
| Unexpected response; mimics a pathological disease | iatrogenic reaction |
| Drug combines with receptor but fails to produce an effect itself. It prevents an agonist from illiciting a response (prevents it from happening). Has affinity but not intrinsic activity. | antagonist |
| Has affinity (to locate receptor) and has intrinsic activity (to create changes in a cell). Creates 3 bonds with receptors to bind with receptor and changes occur within cell. | agonist |
| They attach to a receptor and stimulate the cell to act. | agonist |
| When are most drugs elilminated from the body? | 4 -5 half-lifes |
| Causes cellular changes. Initiates biologic activity or efficacy. | intrinsic activity |
| The effects of the medications combined is greater than the effect of the medication when given seperately. | synergistic effect |
| This is a expected or predictable response a medication causes | therapeutic effect |
| This is severe responses to medications | adverse effect |
| unintended, secondary effects a medication predictably will cause | adverse effect |
| The excessive amounts of meds within the body may have lethal effects | toxic effect |
| This is unpredictable response | allergic reaction |
| sudden constriction of bronchiolar muscles, edema of pharynx, wheezing, SOB | anaphylactic shock |
| When the drug is given | administration |
| When the drug is taken up by the body | absorption |
| When the drug spreads through the body | distribution |
| When the drug is removed from the body | elimination |
| Drugs that block stress related activity | sympatholytic |
| lowest risk – studies have not shown a risk to women or fetus (Synthroid) | Pregnancy Categories A |
| animal studies have not shown risk to fetus or in women if they have they have not been confirmed (Amoxil, Insulin, Prozac) | Pregnancy Categories B |
| animal studies show risk to fetus, controlled studies have not been done in women ( Zovirax, Lasix) | Pregnancy Categories C |
| may cause harm to fetus, but may benefit the mother in life-threatening situation, another safe treatment is not available (tetracycline, Elavil) | Pregnancy Categories D |
| significant risk to fetus and the women | Pregnancy Categories X |
| the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. | pharmacology |
| the study of adverse effects of drugs as they interact with living systems | toxicology |
| is associated with the preparation and dispensing of drugs | pharmacy |
| Drugs that effect the body on the drug (absorption, distribution and elimation of drug) | pharmacokinetics |
| Most common mechanism of drug permeation | passive diffusion |
| Most common mechanism of drug carrier-mediated transport | ATP transportation |
| Most common mechanism of drug active-transport | endocytosis |
| The transport of materials out of the cell using a vesicle that first engulfs the material: | exocytosis |
| Primary site for drug metabolism | liver |
| Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination: | kidney |
| Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the living organism | drug |
| Copyrighted name selected bu the drug company selling the drug | trade name |
| The name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer who first develops the drug; often derived from the chemical name | generic name |
| A very percise description of the drug's chemical composition, identifying the drug's atomic and molecular structure | chemical name |
| The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary; may be the same as generic name | official name |
| The symp. nervous system stimulant, parasymp. nervous system depressant. behaves similarly to antihistamines while stim. the CNS | adrenergics |
| antagonize acetylcholine; depress parasymp. NS; similar to symp. NS stimulants | anticholinergics |
| mimic or stimulate acetylcholine; stim. parasymp. NS | cholinergics |
| rugs that dilate the pupil | mydriatics |
| constrict the pupil | miotics |
| Drugs which bind to and activate receptors | agonists |
| Drugs which bind to but do not activate receptors. In so doing these drugs block receptors from the effects of agonists | antagonists: |
| the tendency of a drug to bind to its receptor | affinity |
| the ability of the drug (once bound) to activate the receptor and produce a response | efficacy |
| the potency of an agonist is the concentration of a drug that produces a pharmacological response and is determined both by affinity and efficacy. | potency |
| Passage of drugs from blood into brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitutes a special aspect of membranal, transfer. | Blood-Brain Barrier |
| Binding of drugs to plasma proteins (PP), usually ALBUMIN fraction, leads to high concentrations of drug in the plasma. | Protein Binding |
| consists of network of neuronal connections between the brain and all parts of the body. | nervous system |
| which consists of the brain and the spinal cord | central nervous system |
| which connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. | peripheral nervous system |
| Administration of adrenergic agonist drugs induce responses of 'fight or flight' | sympathomimetics |
| These types of drugs are refered to as sympathomimetics as they mimic sympathetic stimulation. | sympathomimetics |
| Administration of adrenergic antagonist drugs prevent the responses of 'fight or flight'. | sympatholytics |
| These types of drugs are refered to as sympatholytics as they block or inhibit sympathetic stimulation. | sympatholytics |
| the way the drug enters the body and reaches the bloodstream | absorption |
| where the drug goes in the body after it has been absorbed) | distribution |
| how it is changed by the body - e.g. in the liver) | metabolism |
| the route by which it, or its metabolites, leave the body - e.g. in the urine via the kidney). | elimination |
| Block stress related activity | sympatholytics |
| Dilate peripheral blood vessels | vasodilators |
| written lower case | generic |
| capitalized | trade name |
| overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeatedly | addiction: |
| physiological or psychological need for a substance | dependency: |
| digestive tract | Enteral |
| major route; Given into the cardiovascular circulation | parenteral |
| by application onto the skin or associated membranes | topical |
| drug’s strength at a certain concentration or dose | potency |
| ability of a drug to produce a more intense response as the concentration is increased | efficacy |
| What type of drugs would you avoid if a patient has asthma? | cholinergic agents |
| Which division of the ANS is designed to cope with sudden emergencies such as fight or flight? | SANS |
| Which division of the ANS is concerned with the conservation of body processes? | PANS |
| Which agent would cause miosis? | cholinergic |
| Which agent would cause mydrosis? | adrenergic |
| Which agent would cause a decrease in the heart rate? | cholinergic |
| Which agents can cause an increase in salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (SLUD)? | cholinergic |
| Agents that mimic the effects of the SANS are called: | Sympathomimetics; Adrenergic |
| What is the neurotransmitter substance released at the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fiber in the PANS? | acetylcholine |
| What is the neurotransmitter substance released at the synapse between the preganglionic nerve fiber and the postganglionic nerve fiber in the SANS? | acetylcholine |
| Agents that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. | Anticholinergic agents; Parasympatholytic agents |
| Which agents can be used in the treatment of asthma? | adrenergic agents |
| Which agents are added to local anesthetic solutions to prolong their action? | adrenergic agents |
| What substances are released at the synaptic cleft in order to facilitate nerve-to-nerve or nerve-to-effector tissue communication | neurotransmitters |
| Which type of drug would you avoid if a patient has a peptic ulcer? | cholinergic |
| Which agent would increase saliva? | cholinergic |
| Which neurotransmitter substance is released between the postganglionic fiber and the effector tissue in the PANS? | acetylcholine |
| What is the neurotransmitter substance released between the postganglionic fiber and the effector tissue of the SANS? | norepinephrine |
| Nerves that release acetylcholine are called: | cholinergic |
| True or False:The route of administration of a drug affects both the onset and duration of response. | True |
| A drug that has affinity for a receptor and when it combines with that receptor it produces an effect | agonist |
| The passage of drugs across the placenta involves | simple diffusion |
| True or False:There are no disadvantages to the administration of drugs via the oral route. | False (stomach and intestinal irritation may result and certain drugs are inactivated by the acidity or enzymes in the GI tract.) |
| If a drug is a weak acid and the pH of the site rises, what will occur? | Drug CANNOT penetrate the tissues easil |
| Which route of administration is useful for emergencies, unconsciousness, lack of cooperation, or nausea? | parenteral |
| Lipid soluble substances move across the lipoprotein membrane by way of: | Simple diffusion |
| True or False:The efficacy of a drug is not related to its potency. | True |
| What route is used to administer the tuberculosis skin test? | Intradermal Route |
| What type of administration involves the injection of solutions into the spinal subarachnoid space? | Intrathecal Route |
| What type of drugs can be administered by inhalation? | Gaseous |
| If a drug is a weak acid, what happens if the pH of the site falls? | Drug CAN penetrate the tissues easily |
| Which type of administration produces the slowest onset of action? | Oral |
| True or False:Drugs are bound irreversibly to plasma proteins. | False |
| The most common problems with transdermal patches includes all except: | Hematoma |
| Which route is commonly used for the administration of insulin? | subcutaneous route |
| Refers to the time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect. | Onset |
| The length of a drug's effect. | duration |
| Which distribution site elicits the therapeutic response desired? | Specific site |
| Give an example of a physiologic effect caused by drugs. | lowering blood pressure |
| If a drug is a weak base, what happens if the pH of the site rises? | Drug CAN penetrate the tissues easily |
| Refers to the route when drugs are administered by bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and includes injections, inhalation, and topical administration? | parenteral |
| The disadvantages of the parenteral route include all except: | Self medication is difficult, More painful |
| The maximum intensity of effect or response that can be obtained when a sufficient amount of a drug is administered | Efficacy |
| True or False;The blood levels obtained after oral administration are less predictable than those obtained parenterally. | True |
| An advantage of the oral route is the large absorbing area present in the stomach. | The statement is partially true (absorption occurs in the small intestine) |
| Which route of administration results in fast absorption, thereby producing rapid onset and a more predictable response? | Injection |
| The time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug present in the circulation at any given time. | half-life |
| The body's way of changing a drug so that it can be excreted by the kidneys | metabolism |
| The effect that occurs when drugs are given orally and are passed through the hepatic portal circulation, which inactivates some drugs. | first-pass effect |
| What are the two routes of administration drugs called? | enteral, parenteral |
| A process by which a substance is transported against a concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient. | active transport |
| The need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug to obtain the same effects as the original dose. | drug tolerance |
| A drug that binds to a receptor site that is different from the binding site for the agonist. | noncompetitive antagonist |
| The passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids, and intracellular fluids | distribution |
| Refers to the route used when drugs are placed directly into the gastrointestinal tract by oral or rectal administration | enteral |
| The study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, and leaves the body and what factors influence the movements. | pharmacokinetics |
| A drug that interacts with the same receptor site as the agonist and competes with the agonist for action. | competitive antagonist |
| What type of administration produces the most rapid drug response, with an almost immediate onset of action? | Intravenous Route |
| If the half life of a drug is 1 hour, how long would it take for the drug to be gone from the body? | 5 hours |
| A chemical substance used for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease or for the prevention of pregnancy. | drugs |
| The process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of administration in the body to the circulating fluids. | absorption |
| The effect produced at a certain dose of the drug that cannot be increased with a higher dose of the drug is the: | maximum effect |
| atropine (blocks ACh action on the heart) | antagonists |
| An action of a drug that is other than the desired action is called? | side effect |
| Drug delivery method LEAST suitable for long term (days to weeks) slow release | time release capsule |
| Primary site for drug metabolism | liver |
| Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination: | kidney |
| Number of half-lives required to go from one steady-state to another: | 4 |
| Direct cardiac effects decrease heart rate; decrease contractility | parasympathetic |
| Cholinergic activity on stomach acid secretion | increase |
| The main route of administration of a drug to produce a local effect is: | topical |
| The main routes of administration of a drug to provide a systemic effect are | Oral, Parenteral |
| Parenteral administration of a drug refers to the giving of a preparation: | Intradermally,Intramuscularly, Intravenously |
| If gut motility is increased then drug absorption is | decreased |
| The rate of drug absorption is greatest in the: | small intestine |
| Most drugs and metabolites are excreted by: | kidneys |
| When the body sees the drug as an antigen and an immune response is established against the drug | drug allergy |
| Drug that helps to constrict the blood vessels and relax airway passages; it may be used to counter a severe allergic reaction. | ephinephrine |
| Powder, usually pre-mixed with water, that will absorb some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body. | activated charcoal |
| The name that the manufacturer uses in marketing a drug is called the _____ name: | trade |
| A circumstance in which a drug should not be used because it may cause harm to the patient or offer no effect in improving the patient's condition or illness is called a (n) | contraindication |
| Drugs prescribed to relax the smooth muscles of the bronchial tubes are called | bronchodilators |
| Medication administered through the mucous membrane | sublingual administration |
| Most dangerous route for medication administration | intraveous |
| Drug applied directly to a body site | topical application |
| Has the longest absorption time of all parenteral routes | intradermal |
| Often used for drugs that are irritating, since there are few nerve endings in this deep tissue | ntramuscular |
| lies between the epidermis and the muscle | subcutaneous tissue |
| subcutaneous tissue | anaphylactic reaction |
| Disease caused unintentionally by drug therapy | iatrogenic disease |
| An abnormal or peculiar response to a drug that may manifest itself by overresponse, underresponse, or response different from the expected outcome | idosyncratic effect |
| Occurs when the body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered | cumulative effect |
| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect greater than that of each drug alone | synergistic effect |
| The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect less than that of each drug alone | antagonistic effect |
| This system is reponsible for the day to day function of the body. | Parasympatheic Nervous System |
| This system prodominates the body when under stress. | Sysmpatheic Nervous System. |
| The principle area of intergration of the Autonomic Nervous system is? | Hypothalamas |
| All preganglionic neurons both in the PNS and CNS release the nurohumoral subtance | acetylcholine |
| All postganglionic neurons in the PNS release: | acetylcholine |
| The Parasympatheic NS system is sometimes called this: | cholinergic system |
| Most postganglionic fibers in the Sysmpathenic Nerous system release: | norepinephrine |
| The Sysmpathenic NS system is sometimes called this: | adrenergic system |
| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 80% of this: | epinephrine |
| The adrenal medulla primarily releases 20% of this: | norepinephrine |
| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasodilation of: | skeletal muscle |
| During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasocntriction: | skin and viscera |
| Activation of Alpha-1 receptors in the vascalture produces: | constriction |
| Activation of Beta-2 receptors in the vascalture produces: | dilatation |
| The most carefully monitored drugs that have a high potential for abuse and may cause dependence | controlled substances |
| The hypersensitivity to a drug where the immune system views the drug as a foreign substance | allergic reaction |
| When taking numerous drugs that can potnetially react with one another | polypharmacy |
| This is undesirable drug effects | adverse reactions |
| Any any substance that causes abnormal developement of the fetus | teratogen |
| cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives | hypnotics |
| cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives | sedatives |
| Maintains current functions, does not prevent progression. | Maintenance Therapy |
| Intensive drug therapy used to sustain life | Acute Therapy |
| Need to maintain normal function. | Supplemental Therapy |
| Maintains body function integrity. | Supportive Therapy |
| Preventive care. | Prophylactic Therapy |
| End of life care, comfort measures. | Palliative Therapy |
| given upon approval by the FDA , sometimes shortened chemical name | generic name |
| name given by mfg because of the chemical atributes | chemical name |
| given by the mfg, something catchy having to do with what it does | brand, trade, |
| What book only lists FDA approved drugs and is the most used reference in a doctor’s office? | |
| The two categories of neuropharmacologic agents are: | PNS drugs, CNS drugs |
| Central nervous system controls: | Brain and spinal cord |
| The study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system: | Neuropharmacology |
| Peripheral nervous system controls: | Somatic motor, Autonomic systems |
| Autonomic system is divied into: | Parasympathetic, Sympathetic |
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS: | acetylcholine |
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS : | norepinephrine |
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS: | epinephrine |
| Principal neurotransmitters of PNS: | dopamine |
| Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System: | cholinergic |
| Receptor mediated by acetylcholine: | cholinergic receptor |
| Receptor mediated by norepinephrine and epinephrine: | adrenergic receptor |
| Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System: | adrenergic |
| Subtypes of Cholinergic | Nicotinic |
| Subtypes of Cholinergic | Nicotinic m |
| Subtypes of Cholinergic | Muscarinic |
| Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor: | Alpha1 and alpha2 |
| Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor: | Beta1 and beta2 |
| Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor: | Dopamine |
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes ganglia transmission: | Nicotinic n (neuronal) |
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes release of epinephrine: | Nicotinic n (neuronal |
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes contraction of skeletal muscle: | Nicotinic m (muscle) |
| Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes activates parasympathetic nervous system: | Muscarinic |
| Regulation of cardiovascular system is a functions of the : | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Regulation of body temperature is a functions of the: | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Implementation of “fight or flight” reaction is a functions of the : | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Vasoconstriction is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes: | Alpha1 |
| Ejaculation is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes: | Alpha1 |
| Contraction of bladder neck and prostate is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes: | Alpha1 |
| located in presynaptic junction: | Alpha2 |
| Adrenergic receptor subtype with minimal clinical significance: | Alpha2 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the heart: | Beta1 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase heart rate: | Beta1 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase force of contraction: | Beta1 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase n velocity of conduction in AV node: | Beta1 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the kidney: | Beta1 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that promotes renin release: | Beta 1 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the lungs: | Beta 2 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that causes bronchial dilation | Beta 2 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that causes relaxation of uterine muscle | Beta 2 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that promotes vasodilation | Beta 2 |
| Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that n Dilates renal blood vessels: | Dopamine |
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Heart rate |
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Gastric secretions |
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Bladder and bowel |
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Vision |
| The regulatory functions of PNS affect | Bronchial smooth muscle |
| Adrenergic agonists are also know as: | Sympathomimetics |
| Alpha 1 & 2 receptors controls: | Blood vessels & Pupils |
| Beta 1 recpetors controls: | Heart |
| Beta 2 receptors controls: | Lungs |
| Major neurotransmitter released at end organ effectors of the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system: | norepinephrine |
| Neurotransmitter of preganglionic fibers | acetylcholine |
| "Fight or flight" activation of the ANS: | blood flow shifted from cutaneous beds to skeletal muscle |
| Dopamine beta hydroxylase catalyzes: | dopamine to norepinephrine |
| Most potent at beta adrenergic receptors | isoproterenol (Isuprel) |
| Powerful agonist at both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors | epinephrine |
| Predominant autonomic tone: | salivary glands: parasympathetic |
| Positive inotropic drug that at low doses specifically promotes an increase in renal blood flow: | dopamine (Intropin) |
| Preganglionic fibers terminating on adrenal medullary chromaffin cells release: | acetylcholine |
| Primary receptor type at autonomic ganglia: | cholinergic: nicotinic |
| Enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis: | choline acetyltransferase |
| Cholinergic receptor type that mediates the decrease in heart rate: | muscarinic |
| Drugs activating this receptor are used in treating asthma: | beta2 adrenergic |
| Epinephrine effects on the heart: | coronary vasodilation |
| Receptor activation mainly responsible for positive inotropism: | beta1 |
| Epinephrine effects by the increased rate of the: | heart |
| Epinephrine effects on respiration: | stimulation |
| Activates alpha receptors: | phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine |
| Orthostatic (postural) hypotension: | alpha receptor blocker |
| Norepinephrine pressor response blocked by: | prazosin (Minipress) |
| albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil),ipratropium (Atrovent) | Bronchodilation |
| Positive chronotropic effects of epinephrine: | beta1 receptor activation |
| Most likely to increase myocardial afterload: | phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) |
| Decreases blood pressure: | propranolol (Inderal |
| Prevents blood pressure reduction seen with isoproterenol (Isuprel): | propranolol (Inderal) |
| Physiological effects associated with isoproterenol (Isuprel): | increased blood glucose |
| Immediate biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine | norepinephrine |
| Isoproterenol (Isuprel): cardiopulmonary effects: | increases peripheral resistance |
| cardiopulmonary effects of Isoproterenol (Isuprel): | positive chronotropism |
| Albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil): | bronchodilation |
| sympathomimetic; at low doses: increases renal blood flow: | dopamine |
| beta-1 selective receptor blocker: | metoprolol (Lopressor) |
| Effective in reversing respiratory and cardiovascular effects of anaphylactic shock: | eprinephrine |
| Major neurotransmitter at sympathetic nerve endings: | norepinephrine, noradrenaline |
| The action of sympathomimetic drugs on the liver causes an increase in blood glucose levels by a process called: | glycogenolysis |
| Direct sympathetic effects on the heart are mediated by this receptor type: | beta repeptor |
| The dominant autonomic tone in the heart is: | parasympathetic, cholinergic, acetylcholine |
| Major neurotransmitter at autonomic ganglia: | nicotinic, acetylcholine |
| This drug increases heart rate, contributing to increase blood pressure: | Epinephrine |
| alpha-1 adrenergic receptor-mediated affecting precapillary resistance vessels of the skin, kidney, and mucosa | Vasoconstrictive effects of epinephrine |
| Rapid administration of epinephrine, with resulting significant systolic pressure elevation will cause this effect on heart rate: | decrease in heart rate |
| A decrease in diastolic pressures associated with epinephrine administration would most likely occur in which dosage? | relatively low doses |
| Prominent cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor type: | beta-1 |
| Significant respiratory tract effects of epinephrine: | beta-2 receptor-mediated bronchodilation |
| Epinephrine effects on AV nodall conduction: | increased conduction velocity |
| Major adrenergic effects on skin/mucosa arteriole vascular beds: | constriction |
| beta-2 adrenergic receptor mediated effects on skeletal muscle arteriole vasculature: | dilation |
| Alpha-adrenergic effects on pulmonary arterioles: | constriction |
| Beta-adrenergic effects on pulmonary arterioles: | dilation |
| Alpha-adrenergic effects on renal arterioles: | constriction |
| beta-2 adrenergic receptor effects on systemic veins: | dilation |
| Major alpha-adrenergic receptor effect on renin secretion: | decrease |
| Decreases bronchial gland secretion: | alpha-1 adrenergic |
| Immediate synthetic precursor of norepinephrine: | dopamine |
| CNS neurotransmitter associated with the basal ganglia and motor control: | dopamine, acetylcholine |
| Low doses, this precursor of norepinephrine causes renovascular dilation: | dopamine (Intropin) |
| Significant therapeutic use for dopamine: | treatment of cardiogenic/hypovolemic shock |
| Has limited action at alpha-adrenergic receptors: | isoproterenol (Isuprel) |
| Cardiovascular characteristics of patients who might benefit from IV dopamine (Intropin) administration: | high urinary output |
| Simultaneous increases in myocardial contractility, glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion, urine output, and renal blood flow are associated most likely with: | dopamine (Intropin) |
| positive inotropic effect is mediated through beta-adrenergic receptor activation | dobutamine (Dobutrex): |
| Examples of beta-2 selective adrenergic agonists: | albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil) |
| Primary use for alpha-2-selective adrenergic agonists: | to reduce blood pressure |
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