A161 Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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show | Bremsstrahlung
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In the diagnostic range, most x-rays are | show 🗑
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show | Amplitude
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Adding filtration is sometimes called ________ the x-ray beam because of the relative increase in average energy. | show 🗑
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Kinetic energy is the energy of______. | show 🗑
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show | 15%
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When electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the target what three things take place? | show 🗑
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X-ray that results from interaction of the projectile electron with a target nucleus; braking radiation,, is the definition of | show 🗑
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show | 1.Projectile electrons accelerated from cathode 2/anode dont all have peak kinetic energy. 2.Thickness of the target in the x-ray tube. 3.Low-energy x-rays are more likely 2/be absorbed in the target. 4.Added external filtration 2/the x-ray tube assembly
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Only approximately _____ of projectile electron kinetic energy is used for the production of x-radiation; the other _____ is converted into __________ . | show 🗑
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show | the electron’s that are traveling from the cathode to the target. They make up the tube current.
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When the projectile electron interacts with an inner-shell electron violently enough to remove that electron, what type of x-ray is produced? | show 🗑
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What type of characteristic x-ray is useful in imaging | show 🗑
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays have a ____________ spectrum | show 🗑
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What is the main difference between characteristic and bremsstrahlung interactions? | show 🗑
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show | The constant excitation and return of outer shell electrons
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Doubling the x-ray tube current also doubles what | show 🗑
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What types of x-rays are emitted when an outer-shell electron fills an inner-shell void? | show 🗑
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show | kVp
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show | Intensity, energy
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When kVp is increased by 15%, what should be done with mAs | show 🗑
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show | Direct relationship. As one increase the other increases
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What role does mA have with the efficiency of x-ray production | show 🗑
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show | They have very low energy
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Why is there an electrostatic force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus during a Bremsstrahlung interaction? | show 🗑
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The larger the area under the curve of an emission spectrum it causes the intensity to be? | show 🗑
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show | characteristic x-rays
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Protective housing guards against excessive _____________ and electric shock | show 🗑
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The x-rays emitted through the window are called the | show 🗑
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The cathode is the ________ side of the x-ray tube; it has two primary parts, a __________ and a ___________. | show 🗑
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The outer-shell electrons of the filament atoms are boiled off and ejected from the filament is known as ____________. | show 🗑
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show | Space charge
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What is the most common cause of x-ray tube failure? | show 🗑
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show | Because of the angled anode target, the radiation intensity is greater on the cathode side of the x-ray field than the anode side
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What are the 2 main internal structures of the x-ray tube | show 🗑
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What is the line-focus principle | show 🗑
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What three components make up the external structure of the x-ray tube? | show 🗑
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show | Cathode
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show | High melting point, does not vaporize easily, higher thermionic emission, high atomic number
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The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the | show 🗑
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Name the two parts of an electromagnetic induction motor. | show 🗑
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show | it is also made smaller
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What is the importance of the focusing cup’s negative charge | show 🗑
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show | Isotropically
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show | The enclosure maintains a vacuum inside the tube
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show | Andoe
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As the target angle _____ , so does the effective focal spot size | show 🗑
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The heel effect states that the cathode has _______ x-ray intensity on the cathode side. | show 🗑
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What changes the x-ray tube current when adjusted? | show 🗑
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show | Focusing Cup
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Further heat capacity can be achieved by doing what to the rotation of the Anode? | show 🗑
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show | Tungsten
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How is the Anode rotation inside the tube housing powered? | show 🗑
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The ________ focal spot is the flow of electrons hitting the Anode while the _______ focal spot is the flow of electrons leaving the target. | show 🗑
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When the x-ray tube is centered above the examination table at the standard SID, the x-ray tube is in what position? | show 🗑
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How does having a smaller focal spot affect spatial resolution? | show 🗑
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What are x-rays called that escape through the protective housing? | show 🗑
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Which type of enclosure is least likely to fail and why? Metal or glass? | show 🗑
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show | Larger
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What is the Center of the x-ray beam that interacts with the image receptor? | show 🗑
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show | If the temperature of the anode heats up to rapidly
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The x-ray __________ is adjusted by controlling the filament current. | show 🗑
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Name the two types of anodes | show 🗑
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By angling the ____________ one makes the effective area of the target much smaller than the actual area of electron interaction. | show 🗑
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What kind of charge does the anode have? | show 🗑
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show | 1. Results from angled targets. Allows a large area for heating while a small focal spot is maintained. It is preferred to use a small focal spot on some extremities because of better spatial resolution.
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show | Filament, filament, filament, filament
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show | Absorption of x-rays in the heel of the target, resulting in reduced x-ray intensity
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What are the electrodes called in the diode | show 🗑
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What are the parts of the rotating anode? | show 🗑
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show | Inaccessible
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Tungsten provides for higher _______________ than other metals. | show 🗑
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show | The anode
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show | spatial resolution
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show | Directly proportional
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show | Inversely proportional
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show | Attenuation
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Increasing ________ increases the quality of an x-ray beam | show 🗑
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X-ray quantity varies ____________ with distance from the source. | show 🗑
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As the energy of an x-ray beam is increased, the penetrability is ______________. | show 🗑
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What is the main purpose of adding filtration to an x-ray beam? | show 🗑
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What are the two types of filtration and how are the different? | show 🗑
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show | Reduces
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The inverse square law demonstrates what relationship? | show 🗑
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What is x-ray quantity? | show 🗑
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show | It increases it
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What is the inverse square law formula | show 🗑
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What is the square law formula | show 🗑
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What is the ability of an x-ray beam to pass through tissue called? | show 🗑
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show | mAs and kVp / kVp
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What word is synonymous with x-ray quality | show 🗑
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The total number of electrons that travel from cathode to anode to produce x-rays can be referred to as ________. | show 🗑
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Although x-ray beams are considered polyenergetic, ideal filtration would create a _________ beam, therefore increasing the x-ray quality | show 🗑
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show | Attenuation is the reduction in x-ray intensity that results from absorption and scattering
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An increase in distance has what effect on X-ray quality | show 🗑
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show | The patient dose is reduced significantly
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show | The x-ray quantity is reduced
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Filters reduce patient dose by removing _______ before they are absorbed in superficial tissues. | show 🗑
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When SID is increased, mAs must be increased by ____ to maintain constant exposure to the image receptor. | show 🗑
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show | 4
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show | Use the Square Law- if SID is increased, mAs is increased by the square of SID.
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What happens when mAs is doubled? | show 🗑
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show | The photoelectric effect
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What type of scattering is of little importance to diagnostic radiology? | show 🗑
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In Compton scattering, the incident x-ray interacts with an _______ electron and ejects it from the atom. | show 🗑
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show | photoelectron
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For higher atomic number target atoms, electron binding energies are ______? | show 🗑
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X-rays throughout the diagnostic range can undergo an interaction with outer-shell electrons that not only scatters the x-ray but reduces its energy and ionizes the atom as well. This interaction is called_______. | show 🗑
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X-rays scattered back in the direction of the incident x-ray beam are called _______ | show 🗑
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show | image contrast
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show | Different degrees of absorption in different tissues that result in image contrast and formation of the x-ray image.
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show | Differential absorption increases as the kVp is reduced
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Differential absorption and attenuation depend on what 3 factors? | show 🗑
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(1) The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue (2) The mass density of the atoms in tissue (3)The x-ray energy | show 🗑
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show | Compton scattering and the Photoelectric effect.
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show | Compton’s incident x-ray interacts with an outer-shell electron, Photoelectric’s incident x-ray interacts with an inner-shell electron.
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show | Bone will absorb more x-ray because of its higher atomic number.
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show | Greater
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show | Photoelectric effect
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show | Compton scattering, photoelectric effect, and x-ray transmission through the patien
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show | Lowering the kVp
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Are clinical x-rays considered monoenergetic or polyenergetic | show 🗑
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show | Wavelength
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show | Compton interactions or Compton scatter
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show | It reduces overall image contrast
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What is the term used to describe an anatomical structure with high x-ray absorption characteristics? | show 🗑
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show | Radiolucent
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The energy of the Compton-scattered x-ray is equal to the difference between what? | show 🗑
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show | It is not related, they are independent of each other.
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show | The light areas; radiopaque
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What is scatter radiation called when x-rays are bounced back towards to the incident beam? | show 🗑
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show | Create black areas
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show | scatter from the patient
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show | bone / more x-rays absorbed photoelectrically as compared to soft tissue
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What three types of x-rays are important in the creation of a radiograph | show 🗑
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show | photoelectric / Compton scattering
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____________ is the ability to image small objects that have high subject contrast. | show 🗑
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show | Contrast resolution
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___________ is determined by the size, shape, and x-ray-attenuating characteristics of the anatomy that is being examined and the energy of the x-ray beam. | show 🗑
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show | Image receptor(contrast), Subject (contrast)
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What are 2 things you can do to minimize magnification? | show 🗑
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show | High, Short, Low, Long.
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All images on the radiograph are larger than the objects they represent is a condition called _____________? | show 🗑
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Unequal magnification of different portions of the same object is called ___________? | show 🗑
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show | 1. magnification
2. distortion
3. focal-spot blur
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show | 1. subject contrast
2. patient thickness
3. tissue mass density
4. effective atomic number
5. object shape
6. kVp
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show | 1. object thickness
2. object position
3. object shape
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On which side is the focal spot blur largest | show 🗑
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show | Focal spot size
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If there is a small difference between the OD of the radiograph, what kind of contrast does it have? | show 🗑
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show | The anode side. Shoulder under the cathode side.
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What factor has the most important influence on subject contrast? | show 🗑
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show | Increase
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Movement of the patient or the x-ray tube during exposure results in ______________. | show 🗑
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1. Keeping exposure time as short as possible, controlling contrast (kVp) and optimal density (mAs) are all techniques to create __________ quality images | show 🗑
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show | Short exposure times
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kVp is the primary control of x-ray beam quality and therefore controls ____________. | show 🗑
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The degree of blackening of the finished radiograph is called | show 🗑
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List the four prime exposure factors | show 🗑
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What controls film screen radiographic contrast | show 🗑
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show | mA
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show | less magnification, less focal- spot blur, and improved spatial resolution
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show | part thickness, body composition, and pathology
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What are the 2 main factors that control the optical density, or the degree of blackening of the finished image? | show 🗑
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show | This will decrease distortion.
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Destructive pathology on a radiograph appears ______________. | show 🗑
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show | Long, low
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With an increase in kilovolt peak does the quantity and quality increase or decrease? | show 🗑
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With an increase of milliampere what happens to the quality? | show 🗑
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With an increase in milliampere what happens to the quantity? | show 🗑
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When filtration is added (increased) what happens to the quality? | show 🗑
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When filtration is added (increased) what happens to the quantity? | show 🗑
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What is the 15% rule? | show 🗑
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What prime exposure factor has no effect on x-ray quality? | show 🗑
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show | mA
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The factors that influence and determine the quantity and quality of x-radiation to which the patient is exposed is called ____________. | show 🗑
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show | kVp
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________ controls OD | show 🗑
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show | 20 mAs
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show | 30 mAs
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show | electric charge
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T/F - The heel effect is caused by the angle of the anode. | show 🗑
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T/F - The intensity of the x-ray beam varies along the cathode-anode axis, with the maximum intensity being on the anode side, and the minimum intensity on the cathode side. | show 🗑
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show | detent
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show | central ray
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show | tube housing
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show | potential energy
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show | electromagnetic energy
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show | wavelength
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show | 1, 2, 3
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The smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy is the | show 🗑
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The common unit of measure for the potential difference across the x-ray tube is the | show 🗑
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The negative side of an x-ray tube is commonly called the | show 🗑
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show | compress the electron stream
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show | 1 & 4
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In a modern diagnostic x-ray tube, the majority of the energy of the electron stream is converted into _________ upon striking the anode | show 🗑
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show | tube current
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The heating of the filament in a x-ray tube results in the liberation of electrons by a process termed | show 🗑
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show | 1 & 2
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In a modern rotating anode, the rotator motion is accomplished by the use of a/an | show 🗑
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show | mA
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show | provide a vacuum
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he protective housing of an x-ray tube is designed to | show 🗑
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show | x-ray absorption in the anode
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show | small focal spot size
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show | high atomic number
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The effective focal spot is | show 🗑
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Which of the following is a component of an electromagnetic induction motor? | show 🗑
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Necessary property of x-ray target material | show 🗑
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The anode angle of an x-ray tube is increased to give which of the following? | show 🗑
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Based on this illustration of the bremsstrahlung emission spectrum , what was the kVp selected? | show 🗑
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How does the radiographer use the operating console to control the quality of x-ray photons produced? | show 🗑
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show | 100-keV brems
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show | inner shell
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show | 69 keV
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Which are causes of x-ray tube failure? (1) Excessive leakage radiation (2) Excessive and prolonged anode heating (3) A high exposure on a cold anode | show 🗑
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show | Ceiling support system
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All are functions of the anode except: 1. electrical conductor, 2.mechanical support, 3.thermal dissipater 4.heat insulator | show 🗑
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The intensity of radiation at a location is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the source of radiation is a statement of the: | show 🗑
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show | peak
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Which material is added to the filament to increase the efficiency of thermionic emission and prolong the life of the x-ray tube? | show 🗑
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Which may happen to projectile electrons when they encounter target atoms? (1) Create heat energy (2) Produce bremsstrahlung x-rays (3) Produce gamma rays | show 🗑
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show | Characteristic
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T/F - In the diagnostic range, bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam. | show 🗑
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T/F - Penetrability is an expression of x-ray quality and conveys the ability of x-rays to pass through tissues. | show 🗑
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show | not affected
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show | outer shell excitation
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show | 100%
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced by ________ at the target. | show 🗑
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Characteristic x-rays are produced by _______. | show 🗑
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The _____ is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube. | show 🗑
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The mAs is usually set to give the _______ mA at the _____ time for protection of the patient. | show 🗑
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show | 0.3
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show | False
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show | True
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show | 2 and 3 only
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show | 1, 2, and 3
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show | Radiation exposure
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show | False
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T/F - The hell effect is a subject factor that affects radiographic image quality. | show 🗑
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Large differences in the effective atomic number of adjacent tissues result in: | show 🗑
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Movement of the patient or x-ray tube causes: | show 🗑
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The blurred region on the radiograph over which the technologist has little control is: | show 🗑
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The factors that affect magnification are: | show 🗑
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show | Magnification factor
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he only factor that affects subject contrast that is under radiographer control is: | show 🗑
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The shape, position, and thickness of an object affect the: | show 🗑
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show | Shape distortion
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|
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What is the effect on radiographic image quality if focal-spot size is increased? | show 🗑
|
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show | 1 and 2
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an Increase in OID will have an increase on | show 🗑
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show | (1) Spatial resolution
(2) Contrast resolution
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|
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show | (1) Optical density
(2) Contrast
(3) Detail
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|
||||
show | Double mAs
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|
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show | Part is positioned parallel to the image receptor
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|
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T/F - Using a large focal spot increases x-ray beam quality as compared to using a small focal spot. | show 🗑
|
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show | Decreased quality and penetrability
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|
||||
Which exposure factor controls image contrast? | show 🗑
|
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Which image quality factor is controlled by mAs? | show 🗑
|
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Which patient factors must be considering when setting radiographic technique? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | SID
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|
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show | Short-scale contrast
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|
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show | (1) Small focal spot
(2) Longer SID
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|
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show | two distances and one intensity
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|
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When mAs is increased, x-ray quantity | show 🗑
|
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show | 15%
🗑
|
||||
As filtration is added to an x-ray beam | show 🗑
|
||||
show | kVp
🗑
|
||||
To obtain minimum magnification, one should do which of the following | show 🗑
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||||
A thin object at a long SID contributes least to image ____________? | show 🗑
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What results from an inclined object | show 🗑
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show | sharp in detail
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show | penumbra
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|
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Spatial resolution is principally affected by ______ _______ size. | show 🗑
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Short exposure times are recommended for radiography of the stomach to minimize what? | show 🗑
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The chest represents high contrast anatomy (high subject contrast). Therefore, what is most appropriate? | show 🗑
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show | detail visible
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show | reducing kVp
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Staring @ 60kVp, what new kVp would result in an optical density that is one half of the original? | show 🗑
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show | 90
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T/F - Radiographic density is the degree of blackening of an area of film. | show 🗑
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What primarily determines the variation in density on the finished radiograph | show 🗑
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80 kVp at 20 mAs is a set of factors that would produce | show 🗑
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show | Increases
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show | increasing
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|
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An abdomen image exhibits motion when using 70 kVp, 100mA and 0.40 sec. Which of the following is the proper correction? | show 🗑
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show | low contrast
🗑
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show | 90 kVp @ 5 mAs
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The higher the kVp, the ________ the scale of contrast | show 🗑
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The longer the SID (within reason), the _________ the image. | show 🗑
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The inverse square law applies to which of the following sources? a. Gamma Ray b. Plane c. Point d. Ultrasound e. X-ray | show 🗑
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The inverse square law is a result of ______. | show 🗑
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||||
show | d. On the primary side of the the high-voltage transformer
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|
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show | X-ray tube, control console,& high voltage generator
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|
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The large filament is used during radiography when the heat load is _______ and visibility of is ________ important. | show 🗑
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show | To provide 2 focal spots
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|
||||
The main reason for using the line focus principle is to? | show 🗑
|
||||
What is the advantage of the rotating anode over the stationary anode tube? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | removal of K-shell electrons
🗑
|
||||
What is produced when an projectile electron excites an outer-shell electron? | show 🗑
|
||||
Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by conversion of _________ __________ kinetic energy to ___________ energy. | show 🗑
|
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When a bremsstrahlung x-ray is produced a projectile electron _______ _____. | show 🗑
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When distance is increased, x-ray quantity at that distance decreases in proportion to the ______ _______. | show 🗑
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Another meaning of x-ray quantity is x-ray _________. | show 🗑
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show | Radiation quality
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Higher effective energy of the x-ray beam is created when: | show 🗑
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The purpose of a wedge filter is to produce a uniform x-ray beam __________ at the ____ . | show 🗑
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show | Compton scattering
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Which of the following occurs in a Compton interaction? a. An atom is excited b. An atom is ionized c. An photon has increased wavelength d. Kinetic energy is doubled. | show 🗑
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After Compton scattering the scattered x-rays have: | show 🗑
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The probability that an x-ray will undergo Compton interactions decreases with increasing | show 🗑
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Compton-scatter x-rays have _______ energy than the incident x-ray. | show 🗑
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Which of the following has the lowest effective atomic number? a. Air b. Bone c. Fat d. Lung e. Muscle | show 🗑
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show | electron
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show | photoelectric interactions
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Differential absorption is the difference between the x-rays that are _____ and those that are ________. | show 🗑
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show | decreases
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show | mass density
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When proper radiographic detail cannot be obtained because of large OID, what can be changed in technique will improve detail? | show 🗑
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show | Proper patient instructions
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Longer gray-scale on an image can be obtained by doing what? | show 🗑
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What features does long gray-scale contract have? | show 🗑
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