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A161 Final

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
show Bremsstrahlung  
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show Bremsstrahlung  
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show Amplitude  
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Adding filtration is sometimes called ________ the x-ray beam because of the relative increase in average energy.   show
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show motion  
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In the diagnostic range, a _____increase in kVp is equivalent to doubling the mAs.   show
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When electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the target what three things take place?   show
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show Bremsstrahlung x-rays  
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What are the influencing factors that affect the shape of an x-ray spectrum   show
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Only approximately _____ of projectile electron kinetic energy is used for the production of x-radiation; the other _____ is converted into __________ .   show
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What are projectile electrons?   show
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When the projectile electron interacts with an inner-shell electron violently enough to remove that electron, what type of x-ray is produced?   show
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What type of characteristic x-ray is useful in imaging   show
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays have a ____________ spectrum   show
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show If a projectile electron interacts with an inner shell electron then it is a characteristic interaction. If a projectile electron interacts with an outer shell electron then it is a bremsstrahlung interaction  
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show The constant excitation and return of outer shell electrons  
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Doubling the x-ray tube current also doubles what   show
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What types of x-rays are emitted when an outer-shell electron fills an inner-shell void?   show
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show kVp  
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show Intensity, energy  
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When kVp is increased by 15%, what should be done with mAs   show
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What kind of relationship does heat production in the anode and the x-ray tube current have?   show
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What role does mA have with the efficiency of x-ray production   show
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show They have very low energy  
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show Since the electron is negative and the nucleus is positive it cause the electrostatic force  
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The larger the area under the curve of an emission spectrum it causes the intensity to be?   show
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require at least 69 kVp   show
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show Radiation exposure page  
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show Useful beam page  
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The cathode is the ________ side of the x-ray tube; it has two primary parts, a __________ and a ___________.   show
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show Thermionic emission  
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Electrons carry a negative charge and repel one another. They tend to form a cloud around the filament called ______________?   show
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show Tungsten vaporization creating deposits on the inside of the glass enclosure  
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show Because of the angled anode target, the radiation intensity is greater on the cathode side of the x-ray field than the anode side  
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show The anode and cathode  
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show Angling of x-ray target that allows a large area for heating (actual area) while maintaining a small focal spot (effective area).  
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What three components make up the external structure of the x-ray tube?   show
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show Cathode  
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What are some of the reasons the filaments made of tungsten?   show
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The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the   show
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show 1. stator 2. rotor  
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What happens to the effective focal spot size when the angle of the target is made smaller?   show
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What is the importance of the focusing cup’s negative charge   show
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When produced, x-rays are emitted _________, which means they travel in equal intensity in all directions.   show
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show The enclosure maintains a vacuum inside the tube  
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show Andoe  
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As the target angle _____ , so does the effective focal spot size   show
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show increased  
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What changes the x-ray tube current when adjusted?   show
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The _________ _________ focuses the flow of electrons from the Cathode to the Anode target.   show
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show Increasing the rotation speed.  
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show Tungsten  
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show An induction motor.  
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show Actual ; Effective  
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show preferred detent  
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How does having a smaller focal spot affect spatial resolution?   show
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show Leakage Radiation  
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Which type of enclosure is least likely to fail and why? Metal or glass?   show
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show Larger  
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What is the Center of the x-ray beam that interacts with the image receptor?   show
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show If the temperature of the anode heats up to rapidly  
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The x-ray __________ is adjusted by controlling the filament current.   show
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show stationary and rotating  
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By angling the ____________ one makes the effective area of the target much smaller than the actual area of electron interaction.   show
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What kind of charge does the anode have?   show
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show 1. Results from angled targets. Allows a large area for heating while a small focal spot is maintained. It is preferred to use a small focal spot on some extremities because of better spatial resolution.  
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An x-ray tube _______ emits electrons when it is heated. When the current through the _______is sufficiently high, the outer-shell electrons of the ________ atoms are “boiled off” and ejected from the __________. This is also known as thermionic emission.   show
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What is the heel effect?   show
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show What are the electrodes called in the diode  
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show the target and the electromagnetic induction motor.  
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1. THE X-RAY tube is a component of the x-ray imaging system rarely seen by radiologic technologists. It is contained in a protective housing and therefore is ____________?   show
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show thermionic emission  
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show The anode  
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The smaller the focal spot, the better the _______________ of the image   show
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X-ray quantity is ________________ to the mAs.   show
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show Inversely proportional  
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show Attenuation  
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Increasing ________ increases the quality of an x-ray beam   show
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X-ray quantity varies ____________ with distance from the source.   show
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As the energy of an x-ray beam is increased, the penetrability is ______________.   show
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show To remove selectively low-energy x-rays from the useful beam  
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What are the two types of filtration and how are the different?   show
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show Reduces  
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The inverse square law demonstrates what relationship?   show
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show The number of x-rays in the useful beam  
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An increase in mAs and kVp has what effect on x-ray quantity?   show
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What is the inverse square law formula   show
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show mAs1 = (SID1)^2 _____ ______ mAs2 = (SID2)^2  
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show Penetrability  
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show mAs and kVp / kVp  
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show penetrability  
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show x-ray quality / radiation exposure / x-ray intensity  
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Although x-ray beams are considered polyenergetic, ideal filtration would create a _________ beam, therefore increasing the x-ray quality   show
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What is attenuation?   show
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show None  
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show The patient dose is reduced significantly  
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If you increase the filtration of the x-ray beam what happens to the x-ray quantity   show
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Filters reduce patient dose by removing _______ before they are absorbed in superficial tissues.   show
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When SID is increased, mAs must be increased by ____ to maintain constant exposure to the image receptor.   show
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show 4  
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show Use the Square Law- if SID is increased, mAs is increased by the square of SID.  
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What happens when mAs is doubled?   show
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show The photoelectric effect  
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show Coherent scattering  
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show outer-shell  
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show photoelectron  
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show higher  
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show Compton scattering  
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show backscatter radiation  
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show image contrast  
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show Different degrees of absorption in different tissues that result in image contrast and formation of the x-ray image.  
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Different degrees of absorption in different tissues that result in image contrast and formation of the x-ray image.   show
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show (1) The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue (2) The mass density of the atoms in tissue (3)The x-ray energy  
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(1) The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue (2) The mass density of the atoms in tissue (3)The x-ray energy   show
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X-rays interact with matter in 5 ways, but only 2 are important for making an x-ray image, which are they   show
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show Compton’s incident x-ray interacts with an outer-shell electron, Photoelectric’s incident x-ray interacts with an inner-shell electron.  
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show Bone will absorb more x-ray because of its higher atomic number.  
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The wavelength of the scattered x-ray is ____________ than the wavelength of the incident x-ray in Compton scattering   show
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show Photoelectric effect  
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What causes differential absorption?   show
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show Lowering the kVp  
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show polyenergetic  
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show Wavelength  
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show Compton interactions or Compton scatter  
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show It reduces overall image contrast  
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What is the term used to describe an anatomical structure with high x-ray absorption characteristics?   show
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show Radiolucent  
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The energy of the Compton-scattered x-ray is equal to the difference between what?   show
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How is the atomic number of tissue related to Compton scattering?   show
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The photoelectric absorption of x-rays produces what color area on the radiograph?   show
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show Backscatter radiation  
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show Create black areas  
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show scatter from the patient  
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What kind of human tissue has the highest atomic number and how does this affect the way x-rays react with the patient?   show
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What three types of x-rays are important in the creation of a radiograph   show
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show photoelectric / Compton scattering  
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____________ is the ability to image small objects that have high subject contrast.   show
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____________ is the ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast.   show
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show Subject contrast  
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Radiographic contrast is produced by 2 factors: ______________contrast and ____________ contrast.   show
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What are 2 things you can do to minimize magnification?   show
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show High, Short, Low, Long.  
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show Magnification  
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show Shape Distortion  
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show 1. magnification 2. distortion 3. focal-spot blur  
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show 1. subject contrast 2. patient thickness 3. tissue mass density 4. effective atomic number 5. object shape 6. kVp  
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What 3 conditions contribute to image distortion?   show
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show Cathode  
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show Focal spot size  
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If there is a small difference between the OD of the radiograph, what kind of contrast does it have?   show
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2.The elbow of the humerus should be placed under which part of the the x-ray tube to take advantage of the heel effect and minimize the focal spot blur?   show
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What factor has the most important influence on subject contrast?   show
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An increase in patient thickness results in a/an ____________ in attenuation   show
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show Motion blur  
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1. Keeping exposure time as short as possible, controlling contrast (kVp) and optimal density (mAs) are all techniques to create __________ quality images   show
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show Short exposure times  
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show beam penetrability  
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show Optical density  
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show kVp ,mA , S, SID  
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show kVp  
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show mA  
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What improvements are seen if you increase your SID   show
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show part thickness, body composition, and pathology  
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What are the 2 main factors that control the optical density, or the degree of blackening of the finished image?   show
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How will positioning the part of interest parallel with the image receptor affect your image?   show
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show Radiolucent  
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show Long, low  
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show increase  
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With an increase of milliampere what happens to the quality?   show
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show increase  
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When filtration is added (increased) what happens to the quality?   show
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show decreased  
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show A 15% increase in kVp accompanied by a half reduction in mAs results in the same OD.  
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What prime exposure factor has no effect on x-ray quality?   show
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show mA  
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The factors that influence and determine the quantity and quality of x-radiation to which the patient is exposed is called ____________.   show
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show kVp  
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________ controls OD   show
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A radiographic technique calls for 400 mA, 1/20 seconds. What is the mAs?   show
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A radiographic technique calls for 600 mA and 50 milliseconds. What is the mAs?   show
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show electric charge  
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T/F - The heel effect is caused by the angle of the anode.   show
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show False  
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The mechanism on the x-ray tube crane that provides "stops" in a specific location is the   show
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show central ray  
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show tube housing  
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Mechanical energy can be classified as either kinetic or   show
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show electromagnetic energy  
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X-rays with greater energy have a shorter ________ and are more penetrating.   show
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show 1, 2, 3  
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The smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy is the   show
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The common unit of measure for the potential difference across the x-ray tube is the   show
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The negative side of an x-ray tube is commonly called the   show
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The filaments in most modern x-ray tubes are surrounded by a focusing cup which serves to   show
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A modern dual focus x-ray tube contains 1. one anode 2. two anodes 3. one filament 4. two filaments   show
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In a modern diagnostic x-ray tube, the majority of the energy of the electron stream is converted into _________ upon striking the anode   show
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he amount of space charge created at the cathode is primarily controlled by the   show
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show thermionic emission  
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Which of the following will effect focal spot size? 1. anode angle 2. filament size 3. rotational speed 4. prep time   show
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In a modern rotating anode, the rotator motion is accomplished by the use of a/an   show
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The principle method by which the space charge can increase in a modern tube is by employing a higher   show
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The primary purpose of the glass envelope of an x-ray tube is to   show
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show reduce hazard of leakage radiation  
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show x-ray absorption in the anode  
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Small target angles result in which of the following?   show
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show high atomic number  
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show smaller than the actual focal spot  
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show stator  
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show high melting point  
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show higher heat capacity  
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show arch came down at 95  
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show By setting kVp  
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show 100-keV brems  
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show inner shell  
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On a total x-ray emission spectrum, the discrete line is placed at:   show
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Which are causes of x-ray tube failure? (1) Excessive leakage radiation (2) Excessive and prolonged anode heating (3) A high exposure on a cold anode   show
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show Ceiling support system  
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show Heat insulator  
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The intensity of radiation at a location is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the source of radiation is a statement of the:   show
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The average energy is represented by the _____ of the bell curve of a continuous spectrum   show
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Which material is added to the filament to increase the efficiency of thermionic emission and prolong the life of the x-ray tube?   show
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Which may happen to projectile electrons when they encounter target atoms? (1) Create heat energy (2) Produce bremsstrahlung x-rays (3) Produce gamma rays   show
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show Characteristic  
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T/F - In the diagnostic range, bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam.   show
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show True  
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The efficiency of x-ray production is _______ the tube current.   show
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Most of the heat generated at the target is due to   show
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At 55 kVp, _______ of the x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung.   show
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced by ________ at the target.   show
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show released binding energy  
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The _____ is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube.   show
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The mAs is usually set to give the _______ mA at the _____ time for protection of the patient.   show
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A PA chest examination (120 kVp/3 mAs) is taken at a SID of 300 cm. Calculate the new mAs needed if the same image is obtained using a SID of 100 cm?   show
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show False  
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show True  
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show 2 and 3 only  
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Which factors affect x-ray quantity? (1) kVp (2) Filtration (3) mAs   show
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show Radiation exposure  
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T/F - X-ray quality decreases as kVp increases   show
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show False  
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show High subject contrast  
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show Motion blur  
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show Focal-spot blur  
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show OID and SID  
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The formula SID ÷ SOD is used to calculate:   show
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show kVp  
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show Distortion  
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show Shape distortion  
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What is the effect on radiographic image quality if focal-spot size is increased?   show
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show 1 and 2  
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show magnification  
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when these increases, the radiographic image quality will increase   show
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Factors used to describe radiographic image quality include:   show
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show Double mAs  
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In order to minimize distortion in a radiographic image, the:   show
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T/F - Using a large focal spot increases x-ray beam quality as compared to using a small focal spot.   show
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show Decreased quality and penetrability  
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show kVp  
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Which image quality factor is controlled by mAs?   show
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Which patient factors must be considering when setting radiographic technique?   show
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Which prime exposure factor affects the intensity of the x-ray beam at the IR?   show
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show Short-scale contrast  
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show (1) Small focal spot (2) Longer SID  
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show two distances and one intensity  
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When mAs is increased, x-ray quantity   show
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To maintain a constant optical density, what percentage of increase in kVp should be accompanied by a reduction of one half the mAs?   show
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As filtration is added to an x-ray beam   show
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X-rays of higher energy can be obtained by increasing   show
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To obtain minimum magnification, one should do which of the following   show
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A thin object at a long SID contributes least to image ____________?   show
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show A foreshortened image  
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show sharp in detail  
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Another term for focal spot blur is   show
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Spatial resolution is principally affected by ______ _______ size.   show
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Short exposure times are recommended for radiography of the stomach to minimize what?   show
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The chest represents high contrast anatomy (high subject contrast). Therefore, what is most appropriate?   show
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show detail visible  
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show reducing kVp  
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Staring @ 60kVp, what new kVp would result in an optical density that is one half of the original?   show
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When a radiographic technique is changed from 22.5 mAs @ 100 cm SID to 200 cm SID, what is the new mAs?   show
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T/F - Radiographic density is the degree of blackening of an area of film.   show
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show Absorption characteristics of the body  
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80 kVp at 20 mAs is a set of factors that would produce   show
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What happens to density with decreases in tissue thickness?   show
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show increasing  
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show 70 kVp, 400 mA and 0.1 sec  
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show low contrast  
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show 90 kVp @ 5 mAs  
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The higher the kVp, the ________ the scale of contrast   show
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show sharper  
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show Point  
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The inverse square law is a result of ______.   show
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The control of exposure time is always: a. Automatically set b. Determined by kVp c. On the primary side of the auto-transformer d. On the primary side of the the high-voltage transformer   show
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show X-ray tube, control console,& high voltage generator  
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show High, Less  
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Why are there 2 filaments in a x-ray tube?   show
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The main reason for using the line focus principle is to?   show
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show Higher heat capacity  
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show removal of K-shell electrons  
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What is produced when an projectile electron excites an outer-shell electron?   show
🗑
show projectile electron, electromagnetic  
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show loses energy  
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When distance is increased, x-ray quantity at that distance decreases in proportion to the ______ _______.   show
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show intensity  
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show Radiation quality  
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Higher effective energy of the x-ray beam is created when:   show
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The purpose of a wedge filter is to produce a uniform x-ray beam __________ at the ____ .   show
🗑
show Compton scattering  
🗑
Which of the following occurs in a Compton interaction? a. An atom is excited b. An atom is ionized c. An photon has increased wavelength d. Kinetic energy is doubled.   show
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After Compton scattering the scattered x-rays have:   show
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The probability that an x-ray will undergo Compton interactions decreases with increasing   show
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Compton-scatter x-rays have _______ energy than the incident x-ray.   show
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Which of the following has the lowest effective atomic number? a. Air b. Bone c. Fat d. Lung e. Muscle   show
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During a photoelectric interaction an ______ is emitted from the atom.   show
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show photoelectric interactions  
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show absorbed, transmitted  
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As kVp increases, the relative number of x-rays that interact with tissue ________.   show
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Differential absorption between lung and soft tissue occurs principally because of the difference in   show
🗑
When proper radiographic detail cannot be obtained because of large OID, what can be changed in technique will improve detail?   show
🗑
What is the primary thing that will reduce motion blur?   show
🗑
show Increasing kVp  
🗑
What features does long gray-scale contract have?   show
🗑


   

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