A161 Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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show | Bremsstrahlung
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show | Bremsstrahlung
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show | Amplitude
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Adding filtration is sometimes called ________ the x-ray beam because of the relative increase in average energy. | show 🗑
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show | motion
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In the diagnostic range, a _____increase in kVp is equivalent to doubling the mAs. | show 🗑
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When electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the target what three things take place? | show 🗑
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show | Bremsstrahlung x-rays
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What are the influencing factors that affect the shape of an x-ray spectrum | show 🗑
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Only approximately _____ of projectile electron kinetic energy is used for the production of x-radiation; the other _____ is converted into __________ . | show 🗑
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What are projectile electrons? | show 🗑
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When the projectile electron interacts with an inner-shell electron violently enough to remove that electron, what type of x-ray is produced? | show 🗑
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What type of characteristic x-ray is useful in imaging | show 🗑
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays have a ____________ spectrum | show 🗑
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show | If a projectile electron interacts with an inner shell electron then it is a characteristic interaction. If a projectile electron interacts with an outer shell electron then it is a bremsstrahlung interaction
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show | The constant excitation and return of outer shell electrons
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Doubling the x-ray tube current also doubles what | show 🗑
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What types of x-rays are emitted when an outer-shell electron fills an inner-shell void? | show 🗑
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show | kVp
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show | Intensity, energy
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When kVp is increased by 15%, what should be done with mAs | show 🗑
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What kind of relationship does heat production in the anode and the x-ray tube current have? | show 🗑
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What role does mA have with the efficiency of x-ray production | show 🗑
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show | They have very low energy
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show | Since the electron is negative and the nucleus is positive it cause the electrostatic force
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The larger the area under the curve of an emission spectrum it causes the intensity to be? | show 🗑
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require at least 69 kVp | show 🗑
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show | Radiation exposure page
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show | Useful beam page
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The cathode is the ________ side of the x-ray tube; it has two primary parts, a __________ and a ___________. | show 🗑
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show | Thermionic emission
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Electrons carry a negative charge and repel one another. They tend to form a cloud around the filament called ______________? | show 🗑
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show | Tungsten vaporization creating deposits on the inside of the glass enclosure
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show | Because of the angled anode target, the radiation intensity is greater on the cathode side of the x-ray field than the anode side
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show | The anode and cathode
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show | Angling of x-ray target that allows a large area for heating (actual area) while maintaining a small focal spot (effective area).
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What three components make up the external structure of the x-ray tube? | show 🗑
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show | Cathode
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What are some of the reasons the filaments made of tungsten? | show 🗑
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The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the | show 🗑
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show | 1. stator
2. rotor
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What happens to the effective focal spot size when the angle of the target is made smaller? | show 🗑
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What is the importance of the focusing cup’s negative charge | show 🗑
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When produced, x-rays are emitted _________, which means they travel in equal intensity in all directions. | show 🗑
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show | The enclosure maintains a vacuum inside the tube
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show | Andoe
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As the target angle _____ , so does the effective focal spot size | show 🗑
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show | increased
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What changes the x-ray tube current when adjusted? | show 🗑
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The _________ _________ focuses the flow of electrons from the Cathode to the Anode target. | show 🗑
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show | Increasing the rotation speed.
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show | Tungsten
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show | An induction motor.
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show | Actual ; Effective
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show | preferred detent
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How does having a smaller focal spot affect spatial resolution? | show 🗑
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show | Leakage Radiation
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Which type of enclosure is least likely to fail and why? Metal or glass? | show 🗑
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show | Larger
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What is the Center of the x-ray beam that interacts with the image receptor? | show 🗑
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show | If the temperature of the anode heats up to rapidly
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The x-ray __________ is adjusted by controlling the filament current. | show 🗑
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show | stationary and rotating
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By angling the ____________ one makes the effective area of the target much smaller than the actual area of electron interaction. | show 🗑
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What kind of charge does the anode have? | show 🗑
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show | 1. Results from angled targets. Allows a large area for heating while a small focal spot is maintained. It is preferred to use a small focal spot on some extremities because of better spatial resolution.
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An x-ray tube _______ emits electrons when it is heated. When the current through the _______is sufficiently high, the outer-shell electrons of the ________ atoms are “boiled off” and ejected from the __________. This is also known as thermionic emission. | show 🗑
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What is the heel effect? | show 🗑
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show | What are the electrodes called in the diode
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show | the target and the electromagnetic induction motor.
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1. THE X-RAY tube is a component of the x-ray imaging system rarely seen by radiologic technologists. It is contained in a protective housing and therefore is ____________? | show 🗑
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show | thermionic emission
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show | The anode
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The smaller the focal spot, the better the _______________ of the image | show 🗑
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X-ray quantity is ________________ to the mAs. | show 🗑
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show | Inversely proportional
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show | Attenuation
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Increasing ________ increases the quality of an x-ray beam | show 🗑
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X-ray quantity varies ____________ with distance from the source. | show 🗑
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As the energy of an x-ray beam is increased, the penetrability is ______________. | show 🗑
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show | To remove selectively low-energy x-rays from the useful beam
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What are the two types of filtration and how are the different? | show 🗑
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show | Reduces
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The inverse square law demonstrates what relationship? | show 🗑
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show | The number of x-rays in the useful beam
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An increase in mAs and kVp has what effect on x-ray quantity? | show 🗑
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What is the inverse square law formula | show 🗑
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show | mAs1 = (SID1)^2
_____ ______
mAs2 = (SID2)^2
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show | Penetrability
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show | mAs and kVp / kVp
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show | penetrability
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show | x-ray quality / radiation exposure / x-ray intensity
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Although x-ray beams are considered polyenergetic, ideal filtration would create a _________ beam, therefore increasing the x-ray quality | show 🗑
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What is attenuation? | show 🗑
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show | None
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show | The patient dose is reduced significantly
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If you increase the filtration of the x-ray beam what happens to the x-ray quantity | show 🗑
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Filters reduce patient dose by removing _______ before they are absorbed in superficial tissues. | show 🗑
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When SID is increased, mAs must be increased by ____ to maintain constant exposure to the image receptor. | show 🗑
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show | 4
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show | Use the Square Law- if SID is increased, mAs is increased by the square of SID.
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What happens when mAs is doubled? | show 🗑
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show | The photoelectric effect
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show | Coherent scattering
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show | outer-shell
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show | photoelectron
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show | higher
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show | Compton scattering
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show | backscatter radiation
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show | image contrast
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show | Different degrees of absorption in different tissues that result in image contrast and formation of the x-ray image.
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Different degrees of absorption in different tissues that result in image contrast and formation of the x-ray image. | show 🗑
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show | (1) The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue (2) The mass density of the atoms in tissue (3)The x-ray energy
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(1) The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue (2) The mass density of the atoms in tissue (3)The x-ray energy | show 🗑
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X-rays interact with matter in 5 ways, but only 2 are important for making an x-ray image, which are they | show 🗑
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show | Compton’s incident x-ray interacts with an outer-shell electron, Photoelectric’s incident x-ray interacts with an inner-shell electron.
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show | Bone will absorb more x-ray because of its higher atomic number.
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The wavelength of the scattered x-ray is ____________ than the wavelength of the incident x-ray in Compton scattering | show 🗑
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show | Photoelectric effect
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What causes differential absorption? | show 🗑
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show | Lowering the kVp
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show | polyenergetic
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show | Wavelength
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show | Compton interactions or Compton scatter
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show | It reduces overall image contrast
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What is the term used to describe an anatomical structure with high x-ray absorption characteristics? | show 🗑
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show | Radiolucent
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The energy of the Compton-scattered x-ray is equal to the difference between what? | show 🗑
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How is the atomic number of tissue related to Compton scattering? | show 🗑
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The photoelectric absorption of x-rays produces what color area on the radiograph? | show 🗑
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show | Backscatter radiation
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show | Create black areas
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show | scatter from the patient
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What kind of human tissue has the highest atomic number and how does this affect the way x-rays react with the patient? | show 🗑
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What three types of x-rays are important in the creation of a radiograph | show 🗑
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show | photoelectric / Compton scattering
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____________ is the ability to image small objects that have high subject contrast. | show 🗑
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____________ is the ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast. | show 🗑
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show | Subject contrast
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Radiographic contrast is produced by 2 factors: ______________contrast and ____________ contrast. | show 🗑
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What are 2 things you can do to minimize magnification? | show 🗑
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show | High, Short, Low, Long.
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show | Magnification
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show | Shape Distortion
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show | 1. magnification
2. distortion
3. focal-spot blur
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show | 1. subject contrast
2. patient thickness
3. tissue mass density
4. effective atomic number
5. object shape
6. kVp
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What 3 conditions contribute to image distortion? | show 🗑
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show | Cathode
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show | Focal spot size
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If there is a small difference between the OD of the radiograph, what kind of contrast does it have? | show 🗑
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2.The elbow of the humerus should be placed under which part of the the x-ray tube to take advantage of the heel effect and minimize the focal spot blur? | show 🗑
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What factor has the most important influence on subject contrast? | show 🗑
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An increase in patient thickness results in a/an ____________ in attenuation | show 🗑
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show | Motion blur
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1. Keeping exposure time as short as possible, controlling contrast (kVp) and optimal density (mAs) are all techniques to create __________ quality images | show 🗑
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show | Short exposure times
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show | beam penetrability
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show | Optical density
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show | kVp ,mA , S, SID
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show | kVp
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show | mA
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What improvements are seen if you increase your SID | show 🗑
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show | part thickness, body composition, and pathology
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What are the 2 main factors that control the optical density, or the degree of blackening of the finished image? | show 🗑
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How will positioning the part of interest parallel with the image receptor affect your image? | show 🗑
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show | Radiolucent
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show | Long, low
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show | increase
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With an increase of milliampere what happens to the quality? | show 🗑
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show | increase
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When filtration is added (increased) what happens to the quality? | show 🗑
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show | decreased
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show | A 15% increase in kVp accompanied by a half reduction in mAs results in the same OD.
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What prime exposure factor has no effect on x-ray quality? | show 🗑
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show | mA
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The factors that influence and determine the quantity and quality of x-radiation to which the patient is exposed is called ____________. | show 🗑
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show | kVp
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________ controls OD | show 🗑
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A radiographic technique calls for 400 mA, 1/20 seconds. What is the mAs? | show 🗑
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A radiographic technique calls for 600 mA and 50 milliseconds. What is the mAs? | show 🗑
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show | electric charge
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T/F - The heel effect is caused by the angle of the anode. | show 🗑
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show | False
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The mechanism on the x-ray tube crane that provides "stops" in a specific location is the | show 🗑
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show | central ray
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show | tube housing
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Mechanical energy can be classified as either kinetic or | show 🗑
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show | electromagnetic energy
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X-rays with greater energy have a shorter ________ and are more penetrating. | show 🗑
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show | 1, 2, 3
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The smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy is the | show 🗑
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The common unit of measure for the potential difference across the x-ray tube is the | show 🗑
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The negative side of an x-ray tube is commonly called the | show 🗑
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The filaments in most modern x-ray tubes are surrounded by a focusing cup which serves to | show 🗑
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A modern dual focus x-ray tube contains 1. one anode 2. two anodes 3. one filament 4. two filaments | show 🗑
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In a modern diagnostic x-ray tube, the majority of the energy of the electron stream is converted into _________ upon striking the anode | show 🗑
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he amount of space charge created at the cathode is primarily controlled by the | show 🗑
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show | thermionic emission
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Which of the following will effect focal spot size? 1. anode angle 2. filament size 3. rotational speed 4. prep time | show 🗑
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In a modern rotating anode, the rotator motion is accomplished by the use of a/an | show 🗑
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The principle method by which the space charge can increase in a modern tube is by employing a higher | show 🗑
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The primary purpose of the glass envelope of an x-ray tube is to | show 🗑
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show | reduce hazard of leakage radiation
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show | x-ray absorption in the anode
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Small target angles result in which of the following? | show 🗑
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show | high atomic number
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show | smaller than the actual focal spot
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show | stator
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show | high melting point
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show | higher heat capacity
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show | arch came down at 95
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show | By setting kVp
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show | 100-keV brems
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show | inner shell
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On a total x-ray emission spectrum, the discrete line is placed at: | show 🗑
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Which are causes of x-ray tube failure? (1) Excessive leakage radiation (2) Excessive and prolonged anode heating (3) A high exposure on a cold anode | show 🗑
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show | Ceiling support system
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show | Heat insulator
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The intensity of radiation at a location is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the source of radiation is a statement of the: | show 🗑
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The average energy is represented by the _____ of the bell curve of a continuous spectrum | show 🗑
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Which material is added to the filament to increase the efficiency of thermionic emission and prolong the life of the x-ray tube? | show 🗑
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Which may happen to projectile electrons when they encounter target atoms? (1) Create heat energy (2) Produce bremsstrahlung x-rays (3) Produce gamma rays | show 🗑
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show | Characteristic
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T/F - In the diagnostic range, bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam. | show 🗑
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show | True
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The efficiency of x-ray production is _______ the tube current. | show 🗑
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Most of the heat generated at the target is due to | show 🗑
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At 55 kVp, _______ of the x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung. | show 🗑
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced by ________ at the target. | show 🗑
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show | released binding energy
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The _____ is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube. | show 🗑
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The mAs is usually set to give the _______ mA at the _____ time for protection of the patient. | show 🗑
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A PA chest examination (120 kVp/3 mAs) is taken at a SID of 300 cm. Calculate the new mAs needed if the same image is obtained using a SID of 100 cm? | show 🗑
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show | False
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show | True
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|
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show | 2 and 3 only
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|
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Which factors affect x-ray quantity? (1) kVp (2) Filtration (3) mAs | show 🗑
|
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show | Radiation exposure
🗑
|
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T/F - X-ray quality decreases as kVp increases | show 🗑
|
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show | False
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|
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show | High subject contrast
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|
||||
show | Motion blur
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|
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show | Focal-spot blur
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|
||||
show | OID and SID
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|
||||
The formula SID ÷ SOD is used to calculate: | show 🗑
|
||||
show | kVp
🗑
|
||||
show | Distortion
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|
||||
show | Shape distortion
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|
||||
What is the effect on radiographic image quality if focal-spot size is increased? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | 1 and 2
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|
||||
show | magnification
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|
||||
when these increases, the radiographic image quality will increase | show 🗑
|
||||
Factors used to describe radiographic image quality include: | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Double mAs
🗑
|
||||
In order to minimize distortion in a radiographic image, the: | show 🗑
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T/F - Using a large focal spot increases x-ray beam quality as compared to using a small focal spot. | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Decreased quality and penetrability
🗑
|
||||
show | kVp
🗑
|
||||
Which image quality factor is controlled by mAs? | show 🗑
|
||||
Which patient factors must be considering when setting radiographic technique? | show 🗑
|
||||
Which prime exposure factor affects the intensity of the x-ray beam at the IR? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Short-scale contrast
🗑
|
||||
show | (1) Small focal spot
(2) Longer SID
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|
||||
show | two distances and one intensity
🗑
|
||||
When mAs is increased, x-ray quantity | show 🗑
|
||||
To maintain a constant optical density, what percentage of increase in kVp should be accompanied by a reduction of one half the mAs? | show 🗑
|
||||
As filtration is added to an x-ray beam | show 🗑
|
||||
X-rays of higher energy can be obtained by increasing | show 🗑
|
||||
To obtain minimum magnification, one should do which of the following | show 🗑
|
||||
A thin object at a long SID contributes least to image ____________? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | A foreshortened image
🗑
|
||||
show | sharp in detail
🗑
|
||||
Another term for focal spot blur is | show 🗑
|
||||
Spatial resolution is principally affected by ______ _______ size. | show 🗑
|
||||
Short exposure times are recommended for radiography of the stomach to minimize what? | show 🗑
|
||||
The chest represents high contrast anatomy (high subject contrast). Therefore, what is most appropriate? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | detail visible
🗑
|
||||
show | reducing kVp
🗑
|
||||
Staring @ 60kVp, what new kVp would result in an optical density that is one half of the original? | show 🗑
|
||||
When a radiographic technique is changed from 22.5 mAs @ 100 cm SID to 200 cm SID, what is the new mAs? | show 🗑
|
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T/F - Radiographic density is the degree of blackening of an area of film. | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Absorption characteristics of the body
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|
||||
80 kVp at 20 mAs is a set of factors that would produce | show 🗑
|
||||
What happens to density with decreases in tissue thickness? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | increasing
🗑
|
||||
show | 70 kVp, 400 mA and 0.1 sec
🗑
|
||||
show | low contrast
🗑
|
||||
show | 90 kVp @ 5 mAs
🗑
|
||||
The higher the kVp, the ________ the scale of contrast | show 🗑
|
||||
show | sharper
🗑
|
||||
show | Point
🗑
|
||||
The inverse square law is a result of ______. | show 🗑
|
||||
The control of exposure time is always: a. Automatically set b. Determined by kVp c. On the primary side of the auto-transformer d. On the primary side of the the high-voltage transformer | show 🗑
|
||||
show | X-ray tube, control console,& high voltage generator
🗑
|
||||
show | High, Less
🗑
|
||||
Why are there 2 filaments in a x-ray tube? | show 🗑
|
||||
The main reason for using the line focus principle is to? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Higher heat capacity
🗑
|
||||
show | removal of K-shell electrons
🗑
|
||||
What is produced when an projectile electron excites an outer-shell electron? | show 🗑
|
||||
show | projectile electron, electromagnetic
🗑
|
||||
show | loses energy
🗑
|
||||
When distance is increased, x-ray quantity at that distance decreases in proportion to the ______ _______. | show 🗑
|
||||
show | intensity
🗑
|
||||
show | Radiation quality
🗑
|
||||
Higher effective energy of the x-ray beam is created when: | show 🗑
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The purpose of a wedge filter is to produce a uniform x-ray beam __________ at the ____ . | show 🗑
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show | Compton scattering
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Which of the following occurs in a Compton interaction? a. An atom is excited b. An atom is ionized c. An photon has increased wavelength d. Kinetic energy is doubled. | show 🗑
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After Compton scattering the scattered x-rays have: | show 🗑
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The probability that an x-ray will undergo Compton interactions decreases with increasing | show 🗑
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Compton-scatter x-rays have _______ energy than the incident x-ray. | show 🗑
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Which of the following has the lowest effective atomic number? a. Air b. Bone c. Fat d. Lung e. Muscle | show 🗑
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During a photoelectric interaction an ______ is emitted from the atom. | show 🗑
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show | photoelectric interactions
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show | absorbed, transmitted
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As kVp increases, the relative number of x-rays that interact with tissue ________. | show 🗑
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Differential absorption between lung and soft tissue occurs principally because of the difference in | show 🗑
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When proper radiographic detail cannot be obtained because of large OID, what can be changed in technique will improve detail? | show 🗑
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What is the primary thing that will reduce motion blur? | show 🗑
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show | Increasing kVp
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What features does long gray-scale contract have? | show 🗑
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