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A161 Final

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
show Bremsstrahlung  
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In the diagnostic range, most x-rays are   show
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show Amplitude  
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Adding filtration is sometimes called ________ the x-ray beam because of the relative increase in average energy.   show
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Kinetic energy is the energy of______.   show
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show 15%  
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When electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the target what three things take place?   show
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X-ray that results from interaction of the projectile electron with a target nucleus; braking radiation,, is the definition of   show
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show 1.Projectile electrons accelerated from cathode 2/anode dont all have peak kinetic energy. 2.Thickness of the target in the x-ray tube. 3.Low-energy x-rays are more likely 2/be absorbed in the target. 4.Added external filtration 2/the x-ray tube assembly  
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Only approximately _____ of projectile electron kinetic energy is used for the production of x-radiation; the other _____ is converted into __________ .   show
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show the electron’s that are traveling from the cathode to the target. They make up the tube current.  
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When the projectile electron interacts with an inner-shell electron violently enough to remove that electron, what type of x-ray is produced?   show
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What type of characteristic x-ray is useful in imaging   show
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays have a ____________ spectrum   show
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What is the main difference between characteristic and bremsstrahlung interactions?   show
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show The constant excitation and return of outer shell electrons  
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Doubling the x-ray tube current also doubles what   show
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What types of x-rays are emitted when an outer-shell electron fills an inner-shell void?   show
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show kVp  
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show Intensity, energy  
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When kVp is increased by 15%, what should be done with mAs   show
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show Direct relationship. As one increase the other increases  
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What role does mA have with the efficiency of x-ray production   show
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show They have very low energy  
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Why is there an electrostatic force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus during a Bremsstrahlung interaction?   show
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The larger the area under the curve of an emission spectrum it causes the intensity to be?   show
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show characteristic x-rays  
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Protective housing guards against excessive _____________ and electric shock   show
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The x-rays emitted through the window are called the   show
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The cathode is the ________ side of the x-ray tube; it has two primary parts, a __________ and a ___________.   show
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The outer-shell electrons of the filament atoms are boiled off and ejected from the filament is known as ____________.   show
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show Space charge  
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What is the most common cause of x-ray tube failure?   show
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show Because of the angled anode target, the radiation intensity is greater on the cathode side of the x-ray field than the anode side  
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What are the 2 main internal structures of the x-ray tube   show
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What is the line-focus principle   show
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What three components make up the external structure of the x-ray tube?   show
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show Cathode  
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show High melting point, does not vaporize easily, higher thermionic emission, high atomic number  
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The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the   show
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Name the two parts of an electromagnetic induction motor.   show
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show it is also made smaller  
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What is the importance of the focusing cup’s negative charge   show
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show Isotropically  
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show The enclosure maintains a vacuum inside the tube  
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show Andoe  
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As the target angle _____ , so does the effective focal spot size   show
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The heel effect states that the cathode has _______ x-ray intensity on the cathode side.   show
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What changes the x-ray tube current when adjusted?   show
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show Focusing Cup  
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Further heat capacity can be achieved by doing what to the rotation of the Anode?   show
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show Tungsten  
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How is the Anode rotation inside the tube housing powered?   show
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The ________ focal spot is the flow of electrons hitting the Anode while the _______ focal spot is the flow of electrons leaving the target.   show
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When the x-ray tube is centered above the examination table at the standard SID, the x-ray tube is in what position?   show
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How does having a smaller focal spot affect spatial resolution?   show
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What are x-rays called that escape through the protective housing?   show
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Which type of enclosure is least likely to fail and why? Metal or glass?   show
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show Larger  
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What is the Center of the x-ray beam that interacts with the image receptor?   show
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show If the temperature of the anode heats up to rapidly  
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The x-ray __________ is adjusted by controlling the filament current.   show
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Name the two types of anodes   show
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By angling the ____________ one makes the effective area of the target much smaller than the actual area of electron interaction.   show
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What kind of charge does the anode have?   show
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show 1. Results from angled targets. Allows a large area for heating while a small focal spot is maintained. It is preferred to use a small focal spot on some extremities because of better spatial resolution.  
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show Filament, filament, filament, filament  
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show Absorption of x-rays in the heel of the target, resulting in reduced x-ray intensity  
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What are the electrodes called in the diode   show
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What are the parts of the rotating anode?   show
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show Inaccessible  
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Tungsten provides for higher _______________ than other metals.   show
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show The anode  
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show spatial resolution  
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show Directly proportional  
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show Inversely proportional  
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show Attenuation  
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Increasing ________ increases the quality of an x-ray beam   show
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X-ray quantity varies ____________ with distance from the source.   show
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As the energy of an x-ray beam is increased, the penetrability is ______________.   show
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What is the main purpose of adding filtration to an x-ray beam?   show
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What are the two types of filtration and how are the different?   show
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show Reduces  
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The inverse square law demonstrates what relationship?   show
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What is x-ray quantity?   show
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show It increases it  
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What is the inverse square law formula   show
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What is the square law formula   show
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What is the ability of an x-ray beam to pass through tissue called?   show
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show mAs and kVp / kVp  
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What word is synonymous with x-ray quality   show
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The total number of electrons that travel from cathode to anode to produce x-rays can be referred to as ________.   show
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Although x-ray beams are considered polyenergetic, ideal filtration would create a _________ beam, therefore increasing the x-ray quality   show
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show Attenuation is the reduction in x-ray intensity that results from absorption and scattering  
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An increase in distance has what effect on X-ray quality   show
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show The patient dose is reduced significantly  
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show The x-ray quantity is reduced  
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Filters reduce patient dose by removing _______ before they are absorbed in superficial tissues.   show
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When SID is increased, mAs must be increased by ____ to maintain constant exposure to the image receptor.   show
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show 4  
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show Use the Square Law- if SID is increased, mAs is increased by the square of SID.  
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What happens when mAs is doubled?   show
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show The photoelectric effect  
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What type of scattering is of little importance to diagnostic radiology?   show
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In Compton scattering, the incident x-ray interacts with an _______ electron and ejects it from the atom.   show
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show photoelectron  
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For higher atomic number target atoms, electron binding energies are ______?   show
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X-rays throughout the diagnostic range can undergo an interaction with outer-shell electrons that not only scatters the x-ray but reduces its energy and ionizes the atom as well. This interaction is called_______.   show
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X-rays scattered back in the direction of the incident x-ray beam are called _______   show
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show image contrast  
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show Different degrees of absorption in different tissues that result in image contrast and formation of the x-ray image.  
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show Differential absorption increases as the kVp is reduced  
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Differential absorption and attenuation depend on what 3 factors?   show
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(1) The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue (2) The mass density of the atoms in tissue (3)The x-ray energy   show
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show Compton scattering and the Photoelectric effect.  
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show Compton’s incident x-ray interacts with an outer-shell electron, Photoelectric’s incident x-ray interacts with an inner-shell electron.  
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show Bone will absorb more x-ray because of its higher atomic number.  
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show Greater  
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show Photoelectric effect  
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show Compton scattering, photoelectric effect, and x-ray transmission through the patien  
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show Lowering the kVp  
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Are clinical x-rays considered monoenergetic or polyenergetic   show
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show Wavelength  
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show Compton interactions or Compton scatter  
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show It reduces overall image contrast  
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What is the term used to describe an anatomical structure with high x-ray absorption characteristics?   show
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show Radiolucent  
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The energy of the Compton-scattered x-ray is equal to the difference between what?   show
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show It is not related, they are independent of each other.  
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show The light areas; radiopaque  
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What is scatter radiation called when x-rays are bounced back towards to the incident beam?   show
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show Create black areas  
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show scatter from the patient  
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show bone / more x-rays absorbed photoelectrically as compared to soft tissue  
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What three types of x-rays are important in the creation of a radiograph   show
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show photoelectric / Compton scattering  
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____________ is the ability to image small objects that have high subject contrast.   show
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show Contrast resolution  
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___________ is determined by the size, shape, and x-ray-attenuating characteristics of the anatomy that is being examined and the energy of the x-ray beam.   show
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show Image receptor(contrast), Subject (contrast)  
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What are 2 things you can do to minimize magnification?   show
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show High, Short, Low, Long.  
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All images on the radiograph are larger than the objects they represent is a condition called _____________?   show
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Unequal magnification of different portions of the same object is called ___________?   show
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show 1. magnification 2. distortion 3. focal-spot blur  
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show 1. subject contrast 2. patient thickness 3. tissue mass density 4. effective atomic number 5. object shape 6. kVp  
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show 1. object thickness 2. object position 3. object shape  
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On which side is the focal spot blur largest   show
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show Focal spot size  
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If there is a small difference between the OD of the radiograph, what kind of contrast does it have?   show
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show The anode side. Shoulder under the cathode side.  
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What factor has the most important influence on subject contrast?   show
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show Increase  
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Movement of the patient or the x-ray tube during exposure results in ______________.   show
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1. Keeping exposure time as short as possible, controlling contrast (kVp) and optimal density (mAs) are all techniques to create __________ quality images   show
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show Short exposure times  
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kVp is the primary control of x-ray beam quality and therefore controls ____________.   show
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The degree of blackening of the finished radiograph is called   show
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List the four prime exposure factors   show
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What controls film screen radiographic contrast   show
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show mA  
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show less magnification, less focal- spot blur, and improved spatial resolution  
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show part thickness, body composition, and pathology  
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What are the 2 main factors that control the optical density, or the degree of blackening of the finished image?   show
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show This will decrease distortion.  
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Destructive pathology on a radiograph appears ______________.   show
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show Long, low  
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With an increase in kilovolt peak does the quantity and quality increase or decrease?   show
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With an increase of milliampere what happens to the quality?   show
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With an increase in milliampere what happens to the quantity?   show
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When filtration is added (increased) what happens to the quality?   show
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When filtration is added (increased) what happens to the quantity?   show
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What is the 15% rule?   show
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What prime exposure factor has no effect on x-ray quality?   show
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show mA  
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The factors that influence and determine the quantity and quality of x-radiation to which the patient is exposed is called ____________.   show
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show kVp  
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________ controls OD   show
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show 20 mAs  
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show 30 mAs  
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show electric charge  
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T/F - The heel effect is caused by the angle of the anode.   show
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T/F - The intensity of the x-ray beam varies along the cathode-anode axis, with the maximum intensity being on the anode side, and the minimum intensity on the cathode side.   show
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show detent  
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show central ray  
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show tube housing  
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show potential energy  
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show electromagnetic energy  
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show wavelength  
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show 1, 2, 3  
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The smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy is the   show
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The common unit of measure for the potential difference across the x-ray tube is the   show
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The negative side of an x-ray tube is commonly called the   show
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show compress the electron stream  
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show 1 & 4  
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In a modern diagnostic x-ray tube, the majority of the energy of the electron stream is converted into _________ upon striking the anode   show
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show tube current  
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The heating of the filament in a x-ray tube results in the liberation of electrons by a process termed   show
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show 1 & 2  
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In a modern rotating anode, the rotator motion is accomplished by the use of a/an   show
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show mA  
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show provide a vacuum  
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he protective housing of an x-ray tube is designed to   show
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show x-ray absorption in the anode  
🗑
show small focal spot size  
🗑
show high atomic number  
🗑
The effective focal spot is   show
🗑
Which of the following is a component of an electromagnetic induction motor?   show
🗑
Necessary property of x-ray target material   show
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The anode angle of an x-ray tube is increased to give which of the following?   show
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Based on this illustration of the bremsstrahlung emission spectrum , what was the kVp selected?   show
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How does the radiographer use the operating console to control the quality of x-ray photons produced?   show
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show 100-keV brems  
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show inner shell  
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show 69 keV  
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Which are causes of x-ray tube failure? (1) Excessive leakage radiation (2) Excessive and prolonged anode heating (3) A high exposure on a cold anode   show
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show Ceiling support system  
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All are functions of the anode except: 1. electrical conductor, 2.mechanical support, 3.thermal dissipater 4.heat insulator   show
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The intensity of radiation at a location is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the source of radiation is a statement of the:   show
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show peak  
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Which material is added to the filament to increase the efficiency of thermionic emission and prolong the life of the x-ray tube?   show
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Which may happen to projectile electrons when they encounter target atoms? (1) Create heat energy (2) Produce bremsstrahlung x-rays (3) Produce gamma rays   show
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show Characteristic  
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T/F - In the diagnostic range, bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam.   show
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T/F - Penetrability is an expression of x-ray quality and conveys the ability of x-rays to pass through tissues.   show
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show not affected  
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show outer shell excitation  
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show 100%  
🗑
Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced by ________ at the target.   show
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Characteristic x-rays are produced by _______.   show
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The _____ is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube.   show
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The mAs is usually set to give the _______ mA at the _____ time for protection of the patient.   show
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show 0.3  
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show False  
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show True  
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show 2 and 3 only  
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show 1, 2, and 3  
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show Radiation exposure  
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show False  
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T/F - The hell effect is a subject factor that affects radiographic image quality.   show
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Large differences in the effective atomic number of adjacent tissues result in:   show
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Movement of the patient or x-ray tube causes:   show
🗑
The blurred region on the radiograph over which the technologist has little control is:   show
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The factors that affect magnification are:   show
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show Magnification factor  
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he only factor that affects subject contrast that is under radiographer control is:   show
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The shape, position, and thickness of an object affect the:   show
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show Shape distortion  
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What is the effect on radiographic image quality if focal-spot size is increased?   show
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show 1 and 2  
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an Increase in OID will have an increase on   show
🗑
show (1) Spatial resolution (2) Contrast resolution  
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show (1) Optical density (2) Contrast (3) Detail  
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show Double mAs  
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show Part is positioned parallel to the image receptor  
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T/F - Using a large focal spot increases x-ray beam quality as compared to using a small focal spot.   show
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show Decreased quality and penetrability  
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Which exposure factor controls image contrast?   show
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Which image quality factor is controlled by mAs?   show
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Which patient factors must be considering when setting radiographic technique?   show
🗑
show SID  
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show Short-scale contrast  
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show (1) Small focal spot (2) Longer SID  
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show two distances and one intensity  
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When mAs is increased, x-ray quantity   show
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show 15%  
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As filtration is added to an x-ray beam   show
🗑
show kVp  
🗑
To obtain minimum magnification, one should do which of the following   show
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A thin object at a long SID contributes least to image ____________?   show
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What results from an inclined object   show
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show sharp in detail  
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show penumbra  
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Spatial resolution is principally affected by ______ _______ size.   show
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Short exposure times are recommended for radiography of the stomach to minimize what?   show
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The chest represents high contrast anatomy (high subject contrast). Therefore, what is most appropriate?   show
🗑
show detail visible  
🗑
show reducing kVp  
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Staring @ 60kVp, what new kVp would result in an optical density that is one half of the original?   show
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show 90  
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T/F - Radiographic density is the degree of blackening of an area of film.   show
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What primarily determines the variation in density on the finished radiograph   show
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80 kVp at 20 mAs is a set of factors that would produce   show
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show Increases  
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show increasing  
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An abdomen image exhibits motion when using 70 kVp, 100mA and 0.40 sec. Which of the following is the proper correction?   show
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show low contrast  
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show 90 kVp @ 5 mAs  
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The higher the kVp, the ________ the scale of contrast   show
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The longer the SID (within reason), the _________ the image.   show
🗑
The inverse square law applies to which of the following sources? a. Gamma Ray b. Plane c. Point d. Ultrasound e. X-ray   show
🗑
The inverse square law is a result of ______.   show
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show d. On the primary side of the the high-voltage transformer  
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show X-ray tube, control console,& high voltage generator  
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The large filament is used during radiography when the heat load is _______ and visibility of is ________ important.   show
🗑
show To provide 2 focal spots  
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The main reason for using the line focus principle is to?   show
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What is the advantage of the rotating anode over the stationary anode tube?   show
🗑
show removal of K-shell electrons  
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What is produced when an projectile electron excites an outer-shell electron?   show
🗑
Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by conversion of _________ __________ kinetic energy to ___________ energy.   show
🗑
When a bremsstrahlung x-ray is produced a projectile electron _______ _____.   show
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When distance is increased, x-ray quantity at that distance decreases in proportion to the ______ _______.   show
🗑
Another meaning of x-ray quantity is x-ray _________.   show
🗑
show Radiation quality  
🗑
Higher effective energy of the x-ray beam is created when:   show
🗑
The purpose of a wedge filter is to produce a uniform x-ray beam __________ at the ____ .   show
🗑
show Compton scattering  
🗑
Which of the following occurs in a Compton interaction? a. An atom is excited b. An atom is ionized c. An photon has increased wavelength d. Kinetic energy is doubled.   show
🗑
After Compton scattering the scattered x-rays have:   show
🗑
The probability that an x-ray will undergo Compton interactions decreases with increasing   show
🗑
Compton-scatter x-rays have _______ energy than the incident x-ray.   show
🗑
Which of the following has the lowest effective atomic number? a. Air b. Bone c. Fat d. Lung e. Muscle   show
🗑
show electron  
🗑
show photoelectric interactions  
🗑
Differential absorption is the difference between the x-rays that are _____ and those that are ________.   show
🗑
show decreases  
🗑
show mass density  
🗑
When proper radiographic detail cannot be obtained because of large OID, what can be changed in technique will improve detail?   show
🗑
show Proper patient instructions  
🗑
Longer gray-scale on an image can be obtained by doing what?   show
🗑
What features does long gray-scale contract have?   show
🗑


   

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