Chapter 15
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| First line of host defense | Skin, mucous membranes, lacrimal apparatus, normal microbiota, antimicrobial peptides
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| Second line of host defense | Blood cells and types, phagocytosis defense mechanisms, complement, interferons, inflammation, fever
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| The Body’s First Line of Defense | skin
mucous membranes
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| Skin | Physical barrier to pathogens (has chemicals that defend against pathogens)
*Perspiration secreted by sweat glands
*Sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands
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| Perspiration | Salt
Antimicrobial peptides – sweat glands
Lysozyme
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| Sebum | Lowers the pH of the skin to a level inhibitory to many bacteria
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| Where can mucous membranes be found? | line all body cavities open to the outside environment
*Tightly cells packed to prevent entry of pathogens
*Continual shedding of cells carries attached microorganisms away
(GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract)
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| mucous | *has different variety
lysozyme is present to break down peptidoglycan
*Antimicrobial peptide- puncture holes in the cell membrane of pathogen enzyme shutting down cell signal inside pathogen
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| mucocilary elevator | is had by cilia in respiratory tract, holds mucous. When clearing throat the mucous is either swallowed or coughed out. When coughed out the bacteria is expelled from the body;when swallowed it is killed off by the acidity of the stomach
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| Lacrimal apparatus | *Produces and drains tears
*Blinking spreads tears and washes surface of the eye
*Lysozyme
tears w/ lysozyme drain into nasal cavity that has antimicrobial peptide (host defense mechanism; on skin, mucous membranes, neutrophils, 1st line of defense)
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| Role of Normal Microbiota in Innate Immunity | *helps protect the body by competing with potential pathogens
*Helps stimulate the body’s second line of defense
(antimicrobial peptide found in neutrophil (WBC))
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| Examples of normal microbiota | *urine has lysozyme
*vomiting gets rid of organisms
*pooping, coughing, sneezing, peeing
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| The Body’s Second Line of Defense | *Operates when pathogens succeed in penetrating the skin or mucous membranes
*Composed of cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes
*Many of these components are found in the blood
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| Defense Components of Blood | *Plasma: iron-binding compounds, complement proteins, antibodies
*Erythrocytes – carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
*Platelets – involved in blood clotting
*Leukocytes – involved in defending the body against invaders
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| Phagocytosis | non-specific host defense that uses chemotaxis to move towards infection
*Cells capable of phagocytosis are called phagocytes
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| Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens | *Complement
*Interferons
*Inflammation
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| Complement | Set of serum proteins that once activated, results in lysis of foreign cell
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| Interferons | Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections
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| Inflammation | Nonspecific response to tissue damage resulting from various causes
Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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| Monocyte | constantly circulates in the blood stream, phagocytic, when inflammation occurs we get loosening up of venules and monocyte leaving blood cycle goes into tissue (diapedesis)
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| Fever | non-specific defense against pathogen, body temp above 37 degrees Celsius.
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| pyrogens | trigger the hypothalamus
types: bacterial toxins (LPS, diptheria)
cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
antibody-antigen cmplexes
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| How do doctors use the immune response to protect you from disease? | vaccinations
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| Physical barriers? | skin, mucous membrane
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| What are some ways that diseases spread? -e.g.? | exchange of bodily fluid (AIDS virus, TB)
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| Ingestion of contaminated food/water – e.g.? | E. coli, cholera
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| Inhalation – e.g.? | Anthrax, Influenza, TB
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| Vectors – e.g.? | mosquitoes (biological)/malaria
fly/salmonella
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| What is an example of a disease that attacks the immune system? | Rheumatoid Arthritis, lupus, HIV
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| What problems can prevent the immune system from working properly? | stress, lack of sleep, etc.
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| Why are immunosuppressant drugs necessary when someone has an organ transplant? | stop the body from rejecting the (host graph rejection); more susceptible to viruses
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| Why is rapid detection of disease exposure important? | prevent illness or effects form worsening
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| The ELISA method | *Stands for Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
*In our lab, we used this method to detect the presence of an antigen (foreign material)
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