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First line of host defense
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Second line of host defense
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Microbiology

Chapter 15

QuestionAnswer
First line of host defense Skin, mucous membranes, lacrimal apparatus, normal microbiota, antimicrobial peptides
Second line of host defense Blood cells and types, phagocytosis defense mechanisms, complement, interferons, inflammation, fever
The Body’s First Line of Defense skin mucous membranes
Skin Physical barrier to pathogens (has chemicals that defend against pathogens) *Perspiration secreted by sweat glands *Sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands
Perspiration Salt Antimicrobial peptides – sweat glands Lysozyme
Sebum Lowers the pH of the skin to a level inhibitory to many bacteria
Where can mucous membranes be found? line all body cavities open to the outside environment *Tightly cells packed to prevent entry of pathogens *Continual shedding of cells carries attached microorganisms away (GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract)
mucous *has different variety lysozyme is present to break down peptidoglycan *Antimicrobial peptide- puncture holes in the cell membrane of pathogen enzyme shutting down cell signal inside pathogen
mucocilary elevator is had by cilia in respiratory tract, holds mucous. When clearing throat the mucous is either swallowed or coughed out. When coughed out the bacteria is expelled from the body;when swallowed it is killed off by the acidity of the stomach
Lacrimal apparatus *Produces and drains tears *Blinking spreads tears and washes surface of the eye *Lysozyme tears w/ lysozyme drain into nasal cavity that has antimicrobial peptide (host defense mechanism; on skin, mucous membranes, neutrophils, 1st line of defense)
Role of Normal Microbiota in Innate Immunity *helps protect the body by competing with potential pathogens *Helps stimulate the body’s second line of defense (antimicrobial peptide found in neutrophil (WBC))
Examples of normal microbiota *urine has lysozyme *vomiting gets rid of organisms *pooping, coughing, sneezing, peeing
The Body’s Second Line of Defense *Operates when pathogens succeed in penetrating the skin or mucous membranes *Composed of cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes *Many of these components are found in the blood
Defense Components of Blood *Plasma: iron-binding compounds, complement proteins, antibodies *Erythrocytes – carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood *Platelets – involved in blood clotting *Leukocytes – involved in defending the body against invaders
Phagocytosis non-specific host defense that uses chemotaxis to move towards infection *Cells capable of phagocytosis are called phagocytes
Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens *Complement *Interferons *Inflammation
Complement Set of serum proteins that once activated, results in lysis of foreign cell
Interferons Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections
Inflammation Nonspecific response to tissue damage resulting from various causes Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Monocyte constantly circulates in the blood stream, phagocytic, when inflammation occurs we get loosening up of venules and monocyte leaving blood cycle goes into tissue (diapedesis)
Fever non-specific defense against pathogen, body temp above 37 degrees Celsius.
pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus types: bacterial toxins (LPS, diptheria) cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis antibody-antigen cmplexes
How do doctors use the immune response to protect you from disease? vaccinations
Physical barriers? skin, mucous membrane
What are some ways that diseases spread? -e.g.? exchange of bodily fluid (AIDS virus, TB)
Ingestion of contaminated food/water – e.g.? E. coli, cholera
Inhalation – e.g.? Anthrax, Influenza, TB
Vectors – e.g.? mosquitoes (biological)/malaria fly/salmonella
What is an example of a disease that attacks the immune system? Rheumatoid Arthritis, lupus, HIV
What problems can prevent the immune system from working properly? stress, lack of sleep, etc.
Why are immunosuppressant drugs necessary when someone has an organ transplant? stop the body from rejecting the (host graph rejection); more susceptible to viruses
Why is rapid detection of disease exposure important? prevent illness or effects form worsening
The ELISA method *Stands for Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay *In our lab, we used this method to detect the presence of an antigen (foreign material)
Created by: izis
 

 



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