A set of terms for the RCM's History I exam.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Italian for "all"; the performance of a certain passage of a composition with all the instruments together (the opposite of solo); popular technique in concerti grossi.
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| fugue | show 🗑
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| pedal point | show 🗑
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| motive | show 🗑
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| oratorio | show 🗑
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| show | a Baroque style of music in which a small group of solo instruments (the concertino) plays in opposition to a larger ensemble (the ripieno).
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| art song | show 🗑
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| show | latin for "day of wrath"; originally a 13th century hymn and later became a movement in the Mass for the Dead (Requiem); the text describes the Last Judgment and is taken from the biblical prophet Zephaniah.
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| show | a rhythmic device in which duplets are played in one part of the music, over which another part is playing triplets
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| lyric opera | show 🗑
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| show | Latin, meaning 'note against note', it is the combination of two or more melodies, performed simultaneously and musically; melody is supported by another melody rather than by chords.
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| show | an orchestra that is smaller than the modern symphony orchestra (20-25 musicians) and primarily performs music from the 18th and 19th centuries.
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| word painting | show 🗑
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| show | a popular 18th century work or movement with a slow tempo; Mozart in particular used this form, which is very similar to rounded binary in structure.
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| show | a short, recurring instrumental passage in a Baroque concerto or aria, particularly in a tutti section. It was used between solos, for example.
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| exoticism | show 🗑
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| show | A hybrid form that combines the characteristics of the sonata form (A-B-A) and the rondo.
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| concertino | show 🗑
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| da capo aria | show 🗑
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| show | Theatrical stage performances using contemporary music alongside the story line.
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| whole tone scales | show 🗑
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| show | Italian for "with the wood"; a direction for bowed string instrument musicians to strike the strings with the wood of the bow (rather than with the hair).
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| show | German for "song", the term refers most commonly to accompanied songs from the Romantic era.
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| show | An Italian term which describes a rapidly ascending or descending scale, most often associated with the harp, but also used on the piano, string, and wind instruments.
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| show | In multi-movement vocal compositions, a sung narrative which describes the action; follows the natural flow of the language with little accompaniment.
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| show | An Italian word which refers to the larger of the two ensembles in a Baroque concerto grosso.
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| polyrhythm | show 🗑
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| show | A compositional device in which a single theme, or group of themes, returns in each subsequent movement of a large-scale work, often transformed in various ways.
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| idee fixe | show 🗑
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| solo concerto | show 🗑
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| show | These scales are based upon patterns of whole and half steps other than major or minor patterns
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| show | Strict counterpoint in which each instrument (or voice) exactly imitates the previous voice at a fixed distance. The technique has been popular in both Baroque polyphonic music as well as 20th century tone row compositions.
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| ballad | show 🗑
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| show | The motive, or theme, upon which a fugue is based. It is stated by one of the voices (anywhere from three to six parts is common), then there is an answer.
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| show | Means there is instrumental accompaniment with the soloist; more so than the sparse chords added to the "secco" style.
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| show | The raised third degree of the tonic chord is used for the ending of a composition in a minor mode, in order to give the ending a greater sense of finality; commonly used by J.S. Bach.
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| polymeter | show 🗑
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| strophic form | show 🗑
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| countersubject | show 🗑
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| show | A pitched percussion instrument, consisting of a set of two small brass disks, each held in one hand of the performer. They are played by being struck together gently and are allowed to vibrate.
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| show | An orchestra playing only string instruments.
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| show | Italian for "little book"; the words to an oratorio or an opera.
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| polonaise | show 🗑
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| habanera | show 🗑
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| answer | show 🗑
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| symbolism | show 🗑
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| show | The use of two or more keys simultaneously, used in 20th century compositions by composers such as Stravinsky. A famous example is his "Petrushka chord."
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| show | A scale consisting of five tones (4th and 7th tones were omitted). It was first used in African and Far Eastern music, and utilized in 20th century Western compositions.
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| show | In fugues, it is a connective passage or area of relaxation between entrances of the subject.
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| show | Song form that is composed from beginning to end without repetitions of any major sections; each verse having its own, unique melody.
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| dissonance | show 🗑
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| show | In the 1940s, the American jazz beat was combined with the Cuban rumba rhythm. The result was this new rhythm. Dancers dance to the off beat rather than the traditional downbeat; the name of a Voodoo priestess
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| show | An Italian term meaning "robbed or stolen." It is a common practice in Romantic compositions, with the performer subtly stretching, slowing, or hurrying the tempo, thus giving flexibility and emotion to the performance.
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| stretto | show 🗑
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| show | A French word meaning "night music", it is a Classical instrumental genre that combines elements of chamber music and symphonic music; often performed in the evening.
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| show | The simultaneous sounding of C major and F sharp major (polychord) in one of Stravinsky's ballets. It was meant to signify the main character to the audience.
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| Program symphony | show 🗑
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| show | The representation of the dance steps by symbols written in the music; can be found in any work that combines dancing and music, such as an opera or musical.
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| show | A title popular during the Romantic era, used for piano and orchestral pieces, suggesting some aspect of the night; usually solemn and contemplative; the best known examples for the piano were written by Chopin.
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| show | A combination of both strophic and through-composed lied, with later verses often set to varied music.
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| tritone | show 🗑
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| show | The Italian word for "unceasing"; a short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern, repeated throughout an entire composition (or section of a composition).
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| opera | show 🗑
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| bel canto | show 🗑
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| show | A French word meaning a theatrical representation of a story by means of dances accompanied by music.
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| symphonic poem | show 🗑
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| chorus | show 🗑
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| conductor | show 🗑
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| timbre | show 🗑
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| show | A group of four solo instrumentalists (usually two violin players, a viola player, and a cellist) who perform together on stringed instruments as a chamber ensemble.
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| show | French for "style"; a word used when classifying music into categories such as opera, lieder, and symphony.
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| show | In the early 18th century, the term was applied to any instrumental prelude, interlude, or postlude. By the Classical era, the term is applied to a large composition for orchestra, generally in three or four movements (sonata cycle form).
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| polyphonic | show 🗑
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| show | A type of harmony which employs notes outside of the major or minor key in use - having a C# in the key of C major, for example.
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| scherzo and trio | show 🗑
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| show | The 20th century saw an increase in more unusual harmonic resolutions, (tonic to dominant cadences less important), and compositions that begin in one key but end in another (nonconcentric compositions).
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| absolute music | show 🗑
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| terraced dynamics | show 🗑
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| jazz | show 🗑
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| program music | show 🗑
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| homophonic texture | show 🗑
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| show | Proceeding in the order of the octave based on five tones and two semitones, with all the chords based upon this system (few notes or accidentals that are not included in the tonic key, for example).
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| show | The simultaneous use of two or more simple chords (such as triads), a technique used in 20th century compositions, including The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky.
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| show | A Portuguese word used by 18th century critics to comment on what they perceived to be excesses of the style, rather than the simpler, more rational, and balanced style of the Classical era.
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| Nationalism | show 🗑
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| Post-Romanticism | show 🗑
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| show | A theory that arose during the Baroque period that related to emotions - happiness could be described through the use of faster notes and major sonorities; sadness through minor keys and slower movement; and anger through loud, harsh discordant harmonies
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| show | a popular combination for the third movement of the sonata cycle in orchestral works. The first form is a stately dance in triple meter, ideal for the Classical era.
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| figured bass | show 🗑
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| atonality | show 🗑
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| show | A method of tuning that involves tuning each of the twelve semitones of the octave exactly equally to one another. This is the modern tuning system, first used in the Baroque era.
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| show | Structured musical phrasing, based on phrases of four or eight measures. The first phrase usually ends with an open cadence and the second phrase with a closed cadence. This leads to a call and response in the music and a consistent harmonic structure.
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| show | A method of composition in which various musical elements such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, and tone colour may be put in order according to a fixed series.
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| show | Two-part (A-B) structure of music; usually each part is repeated. It was the standard form for pieces in a Baroque suite, with no strong contrast between the sections.
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| show | A style of composition that first presents a basic theme and then develops and alters that theme in subsequent statements; each variation is unique. It is a popular form for the second movement in the sonata cycle.
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| show | A compositional form which consists of three major sections, an A section which states the thematic material, a B section which presents a contrasting theme, and a final A section which restates the opening thematic material.
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| Viennese Classical School | show 🗑
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| choir | show 🗑
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| show | Term applied to composers such as Debussy and Ravel, who were composing in the same time and place that the Impressionist painters were active; refers to exaggerated musical colour and a focus on modal and chromatic progressions, rather than tonal ones.
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| show | An Italian phrase which refers to a characteristic of Baroque music where a bass part runs continuously throughout a work; also known as thoroughbass.
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| sonata-allegro form | show 🗑
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| sonata cycle | show 🗑
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| show | The German composer's response to French Impressionism. Instead of creating impressions of the outer world, they preferred looking inward; music is often characterized by harsh dissonances, large jumps in the melodic line and sudden changes in dynamics.
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| rocket theme | show 🗑
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| show | A woodwind instrument that is held horizontally so that the performer can blow across the mouthpiece of the instrument. The modern version is made of metal, not wood. Its timbre ranges from a low, smooth sound to high, almost shrill bursts.
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| trumpet | show 🗑
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| piccolo | show 🗑
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| show | A four-stringed wooden instrument, played with a bow. It is played in the soprano range (in comparison to the cello or double bass which play lower notes); one of the most popular instruments in the orchestra and has been since the Baroque era.
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| English Horn | show 🗑
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| timpani | show 🗑
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| show | A plucked string instrument in use since ancient times. The modern version has seven pedals (which allow the key to change) and 47 strings.
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| cello | show 🗑
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| clarinet | show 🗑
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| show | A brass instrument in the alto range with a conical-shaped tube. The pitches are written a fifth higher than what is actually played.
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| viola | show 🗑
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| double bassoon | show 🗑
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| double bass | show 🗑
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| trombone | show 🗑
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| oboe | show 🗑
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| show | The bass instrument of the modern brass family. The modern version has valves and the bell is very wide and the cut very deep, thus facilitating the extremely low notes characteristic of the instrument.
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| show | Any instrument that produces sound by using air as the primary vibrating means, such as the flute.
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| membranophone | show 🗑
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| chordophones | show 🗑
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