Kinesiology Final (written)
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| How many bones are in the foot/ankle complex? | 26
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| How many joints are in the foot/ankle complex? | >30
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| What bone forms the roof and medial wall of the ankle mortise? | tibia
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| What bone forms the lateral border of the ankle mortise? | fibula
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| The fibula bears __% of the weight | 10-15%
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| What bone is the keystone of the foot? | talus
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| How many bones does the talus articulate with? What are their names? | 4: tibia, fibula, calcaneus, navicular
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| The talus is part of __(#) major joints | 3
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| What is the only bone in the foot without a muscular attachment? | talus
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| __% of the talus is covered with cartilage | 60%
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| Is the talus wider anteriorly or posteriorly? | anteriorly
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| What 2 structure form the tarsal sinus/canal? | sulcus calcanei + sulcus tali
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| Angle of incidence | angle of talus on calcaneus (35-40 degrees)
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| Flatter angle of incidence -> | more movement (sheering)
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| Midfoot (bones) | navicular,cuboid, cuneiforms
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| Navicular posterior facet (convex/concave?) | CONCAVE posterior facet (for convex head of talus)
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| Navicular articulates with... | talus (post), and 3 cuneiforms (ant)
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| Which cuneiform is the largest? | 1st
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| Which cuneiform is recessed for stability? | 2nd
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| Which cuneiform articulates with a metatarsal? | all of them
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| Cuboid articulates with __ metatarsals | 2 metatarsals (#4 + 5)
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| Cuboid has a lateral groove for ____ | Fibularis longus (insertion)
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| Cuboid articulates with ___, anteriorly, and ___, posteriorly | 4th + 5th metatarsals (ant), calcaneus(post)
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| Forefoot (bones) | metatarsals, phalanges
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| Metatarsals have a convex ___ and concave ___ | convex head, concave base
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| Which metatarsal has a styloid process? | 5th
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| Which metatarsal is the most mobile? | 1st
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| Which metatarsal is recessed for stability? | 2nd
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| What is a "ray?" | Metatarsal + associated cuneiform (1-3)
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| Morton's toe | congenital insufficiency (2nd toe longer than other toes)
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| How many phalanges does the 1st toe have? | 2
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| What special structure is located in the plantar aspect of flexor hallucis brevis? | sesamoid bone (anatomic pulley)
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| Plane of motion + axis: dorsi/plantarflexion | sagittal plane, frontal/oblique axis
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| Plane of motion + axis: eversion/inversion (foot) | frontal plane, longitudinal axis
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| Plane of motion + axis: abduction/adduction (foot) | transverse plane, vertical axis
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| How many planes of motion are involved in pronation/supination (of the foot)? | 3
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| Pronation is a combination of these motions | dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction, IR (of leg)
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| Supination is a combination of these motions | plantarflexion, inversion, adduction, ER (of leg)
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| Superior tib-fib joint (type of joint) | plane synovial (concave fibula, convex tibia)
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| Motion of superior tib-fib joint | sup/inf slide, rotation of fibular
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| Inferior tib-fib joint (type of joint) | SYNDESMOSIS (no capsule; concave fib on
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| Tibial torsoin (normal angle) | 12-18 degrees
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| Most congruent joint in human body | talocrural joint (ankle)
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| Talocrural joint = | hinge, 1 DF, convex talus on concave tibia/fibula
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| DF Talocrural joint | 1
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| Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion occurs around a __ axis | (frontal-) oblique
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| Roll/glide dorsiflexion | ant roll, post glide
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| Roll/glide plantarflexion | post roll, ant glide
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| Lateral talocural ligaments | anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
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| Medial talocrural ligaments | deltoid ligament, spring ligament
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| Subtalar joint (type, motion, axis, CP) | 1 DF, sup/pronation, axis = 42 de sup from trans, 16 de med. from sagital, CP = supination
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| Subtalar supination (NWB; calcaneal motions) | calcaneal inversion, adduction, plantarflexion
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| Calcaneovalgus (aka) | excessive pronation
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| Calcaneovarus (aka) | excessive supination
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| Subtalar supination (WB; talus) | talar abduction, dorsiflexion, tib/fib ER
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| Form closure | inherent stability of a joint (static stabilizers)
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| Force closure | stability of joint via muscular contraction
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| Type of joint (SI) | plane synovial
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| What muscles provide force closure to the SI joint? | Posterior (glut max + latissimus), anterior (obliques + adductors)
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| Open kinetic chain supination | calcaneal adduction, plantarflexion, inversion
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| Open kinetic chain pronation | calcaneal abduction, dorsiflexion, eversion
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| Closed kinetic chain supination | talar abduction, inversion, dorsiflexion
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| Closed kinetic chain pronation | talar eversion, adduction, plantarflexion
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| Extreme of supination -> | pronatory twist (evert, abduct)
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| Extreme of pronation -> | supinatory twist (inversion, adduct)
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| Posture | position of carrying one's body (optimize efficiency, support)
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| static posture | posture when staying still
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| dynamic posture | posture with movement
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| postural control | ability to maintain stability
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| static postural control | maintain stability against gravity
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| ideal posture | all body segments align vertically
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| Plumb line through body | ext. auditory meatus -> vert. body of lumbar -> greater troch. -> ant axis of knee -> slightly ant. to lateral malleolus
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| Sway-back posture | head forward, T=kyphosis, L=flexion, post pelvic tilt
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| Military-type posture | lumbar lordosis, ant. pelvic tilt
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| kyphosis-lordosis posture | head forward, T=kyphosis, L=lordosis, pelvis = ant. tilt
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| flat back | head forward, trunk straight
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| lordosis -> | stress on lumbosacral angle
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| postural pain syndrome | pain from mech. stress (prolonged poor posture)
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| postural dysfunction | adaptive shortening of muscle
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| Upper-crossed posture (tightness + weakness) | tight upper traps, tight pecs + weak rhomboids, lower traps, deep neck flexors
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| Lower-crossed posture (tightness + weakness) | tight erector spinae, iliopsoas + weak abs, gluts
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| Top causes of back strains/sprains | lifting (57%), falls (20%), push/pull (12%)
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| Top causes of back pain | strain (83%), sprain (10%), contusion (2.3%), herniated disk (.4%)
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| Ergonomics -> | comfort, less strain, more efficiency
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| Anthropometrics | monitoring population dimensions
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| Risk factors for CTD + back injuries | *posture, *heavy work, *bending/twisting, force, repetition, duration, environment, recovery, health, psychosocial factors
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| Reducing risk of back injury | neutral, work w/in reach, stay in shape, use right tools (e.g. step stool)
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| Organizational changes to decrease risk of back injury | mech. assistance, improve design (ergo)
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| Purpose of ergo assessment (to company) | save cost, compliance with reg/OSHA, ID problem, limit liability, accommodation
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| Work of ergo assessment | ID risk + job safety, create recommendation
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| OSHA (occupational safety and health admin) | ensure safety in workplace
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| OSHA recommended ergo program (things to do) | 1. analysis, 2. hazard prevention, 3. med management, 4. training + education
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| Action limit | 75% of females, 99% of males can lift load
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| Maximum permissible limit | 1% of women, 25% of men can lift
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| Risk level: <AL | normal risk
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| Risk level: AL<__<ML | need administration or engineering controls
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| Risk level: >ML | unacceptable w/o engineering controls
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| DF of talocalcaneonavicular joint | 1 DF (3 planes)
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| Type of joint: tarsal-metatarsal joint | plane synovial
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| Dorsiflexion of rays | 1st = invert + adduct, 5th = evert + abduct
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| Plantarflexion of rays | 1st = evert + abduct, 5th = invert + adduct
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| Type of joint: metatarsalphalangeal joint | condyloid, 2 DF
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| 1st metatarsalphalangeal joint has (special) | 2 sesamoid bones
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| Type of joint: interphalangeal joint | hinge, 1 DF
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| Arch of foot -> | shock absorption, propulsion
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| Lateral arch contributes to | balance + shock absorption
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| What bones for the transverse arch? | tarsals + metatarsals
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| Support of plantar arches (ligaments) | spring lig, long/short plantar ligs, plantar aponeurosis
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| What muscles support the arch of the foot? | Fibularis longus, Posterior tibialis (~ant. tibialis)
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| What muscle(s) of the foot act only on one joint? | NONE (no muscles act on only one joint)
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| Muscle that slows down pronation during gait | tibialis posterior
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| Mallet toe | flexion contracture of DIP
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| Hammer toe | flexion contracture of PIP
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| Claw toe | PIP and DIP hyperflexed
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| Hallux valgus | bunion
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| Sign of excessive pronation (hyperpronation) | navicular drop (rear foot valgus)
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