2213 Psych Communication Techniques
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| Communication | all those processes by which people influence one another; includes all facets of verbal and non-verbal communication
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| Therapeutic communication | use of various communication techniques to impact positive change in pt behavior
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| Verbal communication | use of both written and spoken words
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| Nonverbal communication | all messages sent by other than written or spoken words; Components are: physical space, actions of kinetics, paralinguistic cues, and touch
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| Physical space | distance between two individuals during a conversation
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| Actions of kinetics | movements, expressions, gestures, and posture that accompany interactions and influence communication
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| Paralinguistic cues | parts of spoken language other than the actual words; refer to tone, pitch, emotions expressed verbally (anxiety, fear), and sounds of hesitation, nervous laughter/coughing
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| Touch | can convey presence--used carefully in psych
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| Offering self | making self available and showing interest and concern "I'll sit with you awhile." "I'll stay with you."
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| Active listening | paying close attention to verbal and non-verbal communications, patterns of thinking, feelings, and behaviors **Face pt, maint eye contact; be open, alert, & patient; respond appropriately***
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| Silence | planned absence of verbal remarks to allow pts to think and say more
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| Empathy | recognizing and acknowledging pts feelings
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| Questioning | using open-ended questions to achieve relevance and depth in discussion
"Who?" "What?" "Where?" "When?" "What did you say?" "What happened?" "Tell me about it."
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| General leads | using neutral expressions to encourage pts to continue talking "Go one, I'm listening." "I hear what you are saying"
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| Restating | repeating the exact words of pts to remind them of what they said; to let them know they are heard "You say you are going home soon." "Your mother wasn't happy to see you?"
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| Verbalizing | the implied: rephrasing pts words to highlight an underlying message "It sounds as if you are saying..."
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| Clarification | asking pts to restate, elaborate, or give examples of ideas or feelings "What do you mean by 'feeling sick inside'?" "Give me an example of feeling lost."
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| Making observations | commenting on what is seen or heard to encourage discussion "You seem restless." "I noticed you had trouble making a decision about..."
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| Presenting reality | offering a view of what is real and what is not without arguing with the pt "I know the voices are real to you, but I don't hear them.: "I don't see it the same way."
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| Encouraging description of perceptions | asking for pts views of their situations "What do you think is happening to you right now?" "What do you think is your main problem?"
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| Voicing doubt | expressing uncertainty about the reality of pts perceptions and conclusions "Is that the only way to interpret it?" "What other conclusion could there be?"
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| Placing an event in time or sequence | "When did you do this?" "Then what happened?" "What led up to..." "What was the connection between..."
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| Encouraging comparisons | asking for similarities and differences among feelings, behaviors, and events "How does this compare to the last time?" "What is different about your feelings today?"
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| Identifying themes | "So what do you do each time you argue with your wife?" "What feeling do you get when you see your father?"
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| Summarizing | reviewing main points and conclusions "Let's see, so far you have said..."
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| Focusing | pursuing a topic until its meaning or importance is clear "Explain more about..." "What bothers you about..." "What happens when you feel this way?"
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| Interpreting | seeking to verbalize pt feelings expressed indirectly "You seem to get in trouble when you..."
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| Encouraging evaluation | asking for pts views of the meaning or importance of something "So what does all of this mean to you?" "How serious is this for you?" "How important is it you change this behavior?"
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| Suggesting collaboration | offering to help pts solve problems "I can help you understand this better." "Let's see if we can find an answer."
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| Encouraging goal setting | asking pts to decide on the type of change needed "What do you think needs to change?" "What do you want to do differently?"
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| Giving information | providing information that will help pts make better choices "I can tell you about your medicines." "There are self-help groups available."
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| Encouraging consideration of options | asking pts to consider the pros and cons of possible options "What would be the advantage of trying..." "What might happen if you tried..."
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| Encouraging decisions | asking pts to make a choice among options "Which is the best alternative for you?" "What would work best?"
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| Encouraging the formulation of a plan | probing for step-by-step actions that will be needed "What exactly will it take to carry out your plan?" "What else do you need to do?"
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| Blocking | Loses train of thought, stops speaking bc of unconscious block
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| Circumstantiality | Describes too much in detail, cannot be selective
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| Echolalia | Repeats last word heard
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| Flight of ideas | Shifts rapidly between UNRELATED topics
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| Loose associations | Speaks constantly, shifting between loosely associated topics
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| Mutism | Able to speak but remains silent
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| Neologism | Coins new words and definitions
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| Perservation | Repeats single activity, cannot shift from one topic to another
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| Pressured speech | Speech becomes fast, loud, rushed, and emphatic
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| Verbigeration | Repeats words, phrases, sentences several times over
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