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WGU EKC

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
Stakeholders   People important in the lives of children, especially regarding the assessment of children  
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Assessment   Process for gathering information to make decisions about young children.  
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Techniques   Methods, whether formal or informal for gathering assessment information  
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Accountability   Being responsible for the proper education of all children  
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Formative Assessment   Data is gathered while teaching or program implementation is occurring, changes to instruction is made while they are in process  
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High Stakes Assessment   Any test applied to make life decisions for the educational futures of young children  
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Authentic Assessments   Determining developmental process of children through a variety of means, including observations and special problems or situations  
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Raw Score   Number of items answered correctly on a test  
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Mean   The arithmetic average of a group of scores  
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Range   The spread of the scores or the difference between the top score and the bottom score on a test  
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Standard Deviation   The distance scores depart from the mean  
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Normal Curve   Bell shaped curve representing the usual distribution of human attributes.  
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Standardized Test/Norm Referenced Test   Test that interprets a child's performance in comparison to the performance of other children with similar characteristics  
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Population   Group of individuals on which a standardized test is normed.  
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Normative Sample   Subset of a population that is tested for a standardized test.  
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Norming   The process of finding out what score most children of a given age will earn on a particular test  
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Norms   Scores obtained from the testing of a normative sample for a standardized test  
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Criterion Referenced Test   A standardized test that compares a child's performance to his or her own progress in a particular skill  
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Derived Score   Score obtained by comparing the raw score with the performance of children of known characteristics on a standardized test  
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Age Equivalent Score   Derived score giving a child's performance as the which is normal for a certain grade.  
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Grade Equivalent Score   Derived score giving a child's performance as that which is normal for a certain grade.  
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Extrapolated Score   Derived score estimated from norm scores because no one with that particular score was actually part of the normative sample.  
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Percentile Ranks   Derived scores indicating the percentage of individuals in the normative group whose test scores fall at or below a given raw score.  
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Standard Score   Created statistically. Process converts raw scores to numbers that can be used to compare progress on a particular dimension  
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Scaled Score   Statistically determined scores that are used to derive total scores or that refer to results on su btests of an instrument  
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Deviation Quotients   Standard scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of usually 15  
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Normal curve Equivalents   Standard Scores for group teests; scale has 100 equal parts., mean is usually 50, standard deviation is usually 21.06  
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Stanines   Standard scores with nine unequal bands. Bands 4, 5 & 6 represent average performance.  
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Reliability   Consistency, dependability or stability of hte test results  
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Test - Retest Reliability   Ability to get the same results from a test taken twice within two weeks.  
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Interscorer Reliability   Ability of a test to produce the same results regardless of who administers it  
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Standard error of measurement   Estimate of the amount of variation that can be expected in test scores as a result of reliability correlations  
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Validity   Extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.  
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Face validity   Whether a test looks as if it is testing what it is supposed to be testing  
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Content Validity   Extent of how well a test tests the subject matter it is supposed to test.  
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Criterion related validity   Relationship between the scores on a test and another criterion measure.  
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Concurrent Validity   Relationship between a test and another criterion when both are obtained at about the same time.  
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Predictive Validity   How accurately a test score can be used to estimate performance on some variable or criterion in the future.  
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Construct Valitity   The extent to which a test measures a theoretical characteristic or trait  
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Convergent Validity   Demonstrated when similar instruments measuring similar constructs yield comparable results.  
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Discriminate Validity   Demonstrated by showing that items that should be unrelated to a theory or construct are indeed unrelated.  
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Social Validity   Describes the usefulness of assessment information for the teacher in an educational setting  
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Absence of Bias   Assures that a test is not offensive or unfair to certain children.  
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Confidentiality   Allowing a child's assessment and other records to be available only to school personnel agency officials and parents  
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Student Led Conferences   Meetings between teacher and child where the learner holds the responsibility for reviewing and judging self progress.  
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Grades   Letters or numbers ascribed to child performance based on summative judgement by the teacher regarding child accomplishment of a task.  
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Report Card   Formal written documents that form a legal academic history for a child.  
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Standards Based   An approach to teaching that requires teachers to coordinate instruction to specific standards or goals.  
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Screening Results   Documentation of broad based, quick overview of a child's development or educational progress on a set of objectives or milestones.  
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Initial Referral Conference   Meeting where teachers and parents meet to share concerns about a child's progress in the learning situation.  
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IEP Individual Educational Plan   Multidisciplinary meeting where parents and those involved in intervention with a young child with disabilities to access progress.  
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Multidisciplinary Staffing   Group of professionals involved in the assessment of children with special needs, teaching and evaluation of the child  
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Stakeholders   People important in the lives of children, especially regarding the assessment of children.  
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Accountability   Being responsible for the proper education of all children.  
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accountability   being responsible for the proper education of all children.  
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age-equivalent score   derived score giving a child’s performance as that which is normal for a certain age  
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amniocentesis   a prenatal test in which amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the embryonic sac of a fetus.  
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anecdotal notes   brief notes of significant events or critical incidents in a particular child’s day.  
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Apgar Rating Scale   screening test given to newborn infants 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.  
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artifacts .   the materials that children produce to demonstrate knowledge, skills, or dispositions  
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assessment   process for gathering information to make decisions.  
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atypical development   unusual developmental pattern of children.  
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authentic assessment   determining developmental progress of children through a variety of means, including observations and special problems or situations.  
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behavioral intervention plans   plans made based on assessment of young children who present troubling behavior. Modifications to the regular program are made and monitored.  
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behavior questionnaires   questionnaires designed to give parents an opportunity to report any behavior problems of their children.  
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biological risk   risk to infant because of prenatal, perinatal, or neonatal difficulty.  
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checklists   forms for recording the skills or attributes of the children in a class.  
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Child Find   federal requirement for teachers (and others working with young children) to identify young children with disabilities so they may receive appropriate services and interventions to ameliorate such disabilities.  
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Child Find team   group of professionals whose responsibility it is to determine children with special needs.  
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child study   in-depth look at a particular child at a specific point in time.  
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chorionic villus biopsy   a prenatal test in which chorionic tissue is removed from the developing placenta  
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class journals   diaries that teachers keep about a group’s progress toward meeting educational goals  
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concurrent validity   relationship between a test and another criterion when both are obtained at about the same time.  
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confidentiality   allowing a child’s assessment and other records to be available only to school personnel, agency officials, and parents.  
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content validity   extent of how well a test tests the subject matter it is supposed to test.  
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construct validity   the extent to which a test measures a theoretical characteristic or trait.  
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constructivist perspective   views teaching and learning as a process of discovery for the learner, based on the learner’s prior knowledge. Teacher facilitates knowledge, skills, and attitude learning to support individual development.  
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convergent validity   is demonstrated when similar instruments measuring similar constructs yield comparable results.  
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correlation coefficient   degree of relationship between two variables.  
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criterion-based instruments   are those based on a learning goal or standard. Finite steps in the learning of particular concepts are measured.  
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criterion-referenced measures   tests that compare performance in certain skills to accepted levels.  
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criterion-referenced test   a standardized test that compares a child’s performance to his or her own progress in a certain skill or behavior.  
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criterion-related validity   relationship between the scores on a test and another criterion.  
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curriculum-based language assessment   a process for determining a child’s functional language skills and vocabulary related to the subject matter being studied.  
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curriculum-based measures   diagnostic tests for specific subjects.  
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derived score   score obtained by comparing the raw score with the performance of children of known characteristics on a standardized test.  
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developmentally appropriate practice   planning instruction for preschool children around topics rooted in the children’s social world.  
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deviation quotients   standard scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of usually 15.  
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diagnostic evaluation   tests used to identify a child’s specific areas of strength and weakness, determine the nature of the problems, and suggest the cause of the problems and possible remediation strategies.  
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diagnostic measures   are those used by psychologists and others who receive special training, and often certification for using these specialized instruments, that become a key determinant to entitle young children for special educational intervention and service  
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diagnostic tests   tests used to identify a child’s specific areas of strength and weakness, determine the nature of the problems, and suggest the cause of the problems and possible remediation strategies.  
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documentation   collection of artifacts to support record keeping of child’s progress in learning.  
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documentation panel   is the part of the Reggio Emilia process that shows, publicly, the learning accomplishments of young children.  
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dynamic assessment   one-to-one interview approach between teacher and student using available assessment information for teaching a specific skill.  
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ecological assessment   an approach that includes the classroom environment, personal interactions, and the learning tasks as variables in the collection of evidence for the measure of learning for individuals.  
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event sampling   record of skills or behaviors a teacher wants the children to know or to do  
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extrapolated score   derived score estimated from norm scores because the raw score is either less than or greater than anyone in the normative sample.  
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checklists   forms for recording the skills or attributes of the children in a class.  
🗑
Child Find   federal requirement for teachers (and others working with young children) to identify young children with disabilities so they may receive appropriate services and interventions to ameliorate such disabilities.  
🗑
Child Find team   group of professionals whose responsibility it is to determine children with special needs.  
🗑
child study   in-depth look at a particular child at a specific point in time.  
🗑
chorionic villus biopsy   a prenatal test in which chorionic tissue is removed from the developing placenta  
🗑
class journals   diaries that teachers keep about a group’s progress toward meeting educational goals  
🗑
concurrent validity   relationship between a test and another criterion when both are obtained at about the same time.  
🗑
confidentiality   allowing a child’s assessment and other records to be available only to school personnel, agency officials, and parents.  
🗑
content validity   extent of how well a test tests the subject matter it is supposed to test.  
🗑
construct validity   the extent to which a test measures a theoretical characteristic or trait.  
🗑
constructivist perspective   views teaching and learning as a process of discovery for the learner, based on the learner’s prior knowledge. Teacher facilitates knowledge, skills, and attitude learning to support individual development.  
🗑
convergent validity   is demonstrated when similar instruments measuring similar constructs yield comparable results.  
🗑
criterion-based instruments   are those based on a learning goal or standard. Finite steps in the learning of particular concepts are measured.  
🗑
criterion-referenced measures   tests that compare performance in certain skills to accepted levels.  
🗑
criterion-referenced test   a standardized test that compares a child’s performance to his or her own progress in a certain skill or behavior.  
🗑
criterion-related validity   relationship between the scores on a test and another criterion.  
🗑
curriculum-based language assessment   a process for determining a child’s functional language skills and vocabulary related to the subject matter being studied.  
🗑
curriculum-based measures   diagnostic tests for specific subjects.  
🗑
derived score   score obtained by comparing the raw score with the performance of children of known characteristics on a standardized test.  
🗑
developmentally appropriate practice   planning instruction for preschool children around topics rooted in the children’s social world.  
🗑
deviation quotients   standard scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of usually 15.  
🗑
diagnostic evaluation   tests used to identify a child’s specific areas of strength and weakness, determine the nature of the problems, and suggest the cause of the problems and possible remediation strategies.  
🗑
diagnostic measures   are those used by psychologists and others who receive special training, and often certification for using these specialized instruments, that become a key determinant to entitle young children for special educational intervention and service  
🗑
diagnostic tests   tests used to identify a child’s specific areas of strength and weakness, determine the nature of the problems, and suggest the cause of the problems and possible remediation strategies.  
🗑
documentation   collection of artifacts to support record keeping of child’s progress in learning.  
🗑
documentation panel   is the part of the Reggio Emilia process that shows, publicly, the learning accomplishments of young children.  
🗑
dynamic assessment   one-to-one interview approach between teacher and student using available assessment information for teaching a specific skill.  
🗑
ecological assessment   an approach that includes the classroom environment, personal interactions, and the learning tasks as variables in the collection of evidence for the measure of learning for individuals.  
🗑
event sampling   record of skills or behaviors a teacher wants the children to know or to do  
🗑
extrapolated score   derived score estimated from norm scores because the raw score is either less than or greater than anyone in the normative sample.  
🗑
face validity   whether a test looks as if it is testing what it is supposed to be testing.  
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family collaboration   involving the family reciprocally in all phases of the assessment of a child with a developmental problem.  
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formative assessment   data is gathered while teaching or program implementation is occurring; changes to instruction and programs are made while they are in process  
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formative evaluation assessment   an approach to examining young children that holds that assessment is an ongoing process. It is similar to the scientific approach, in which a query is generated, validated or not, and then another query is formed.  
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frequency records   checklists for recording the presence or absence of, frequency of, or quality of selected behaviors  
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functional assessment   focused observational method that links individual assessment to curricular intervention for one student.  
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grade-equivalent score   derived score giving a child’s performance as that which is normal for a certain grade  
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grades   letters or numbers ascribed to child performance, based on a summative judgment by the teacher regarding child accomplishment of a task, a course, or a marking period—quarter, semester, year.  
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high-stakes decision   any test applied to make life-affecting decisions for the educational futures of young children.  
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IDEA   federal law that governs the practices for delivery of educational services to all children with disabilities  
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IEP goals   the specified learning goals for children with disabilities. These are established by a multidisciplinary team that includes the child’s parents.  
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individualized academic tests   formal interviews of children on specific topics.  
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Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)   the formal document that governs the contract for educational intervention for a young child with disabilities.  
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Individualized Educational Plan conference (IEP conference)   the multidisciplinary meeting where parents and those involved in intervention with a young child with disabilities meet to assess progress, or review initial assessment results, and plan educational interventions to support the child’s learning.  
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Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)   specific plan for the assessing of needs and for the services needed for a child with a developmental problem.  
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informal evaluation   task activities used to assess the instructional needs and levels of children  
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initial referral conference   the meeting where teachers and parents meet to share concerns about a child’s progress in the learning situation.  
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interpolated score   derived score estimated from norm scores because no one with that particular score was actually part of the normative sample.  
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interrater reliability   ability of a test to produce the same results regardless of who administers it.  
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interscorer reliability   ability of a test to produce the same results regardless of who administers it.  
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intrinsically motivating   causing a child to do something or continue doing something because of the nature of the thing or activity itself.  
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inventory   test to assess overall ability in a given area.  
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learner outcomes   expectations for children’s performances.  
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mastery learning   the philosophy that promotes the idea that everyone should learn particular concepts or skills and that teachers are responsible for teaching toward this level of accomplishment for all children.  
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mean   the arithmetic average of a group of scores.  
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mediated learning experience (MLE)   teaching approach in which the teacher uses questions, suggestions, and cues to prompt the child to think more consciously about the task and to expand learner expertise.  
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multidisciplinary staffing   group of professionals involved in the assessment of children with special needs, the teaching of these children, and the evaluation of their progress.  
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multiple intelligence theory   theory that children have seven areas of intellectual competence that are relatively independent of each other.  
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normal curve   bell-shaped curve representing the usual distribution of human attributes.  
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normal-curve equivalents   standard scores for group tests; scale has 100 equal parts, mean is usually 50, and standard deviation is usually 21.06.  
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normative sample   subset of a population that is tested for a standardized test.  
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norm-based instruments   tests that compare children to others of similar age, grade level, or other important characteristics.  
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norm-referenced test   test that interprets a child’s performance in comparison to the performance of other children with similar characteristics.  
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norms   scores obtained from the testing of a normative sample for a standardized test.  
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objectivity   implies that a scoring scheme is sufficiently clear and discrete so that all those applying the criteria will obtain similar scores.  
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observation records   written records of the observations of a child including anecdotes, daily logs, and in-depth running records.  
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observations   systematic means of gathering information about children by watching them.  
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outcomes   are the specifications used by school districts, states, and professional associations to describe measurable educational goals.  
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parent interview   an interview of a child-care professional with a parent for determining how well a child is doing.  
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parent perspective   a parent’s perception of a child’s development, learning, and education.  
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parent questionnaires   questionnaires given by child-care professionals to parents for obtaining information about a child.  
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parental reports   information from a parent concerning a child.  
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parents’ rights   as specified in state and federal law, parents are assured that schools and agencies will fully involve and inform parents in the care and education of their children.  
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percentile ranks   derived scores indicating the percentage of individuals in the normative group whose test scores fall at or below a given raw score.  
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performance   refers to actions on the part of learners that can be assessed through observation, review of child-produced documents, or other learning products.  
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performance assessment   determining developmental progress of children through a variety of means, including observations and special problems or situations.  
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performance-based assessment   is based on child-action related to an educational activity. That is, the child does the task and the teacher watches and scores the results.  
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P.L. 99–457   Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments, 1986  
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play-based assessment   relies on the teacher’s knowledge of child’s play to judge the social/emotional, language, cognitive, and physical development of a young child. This can be conducted in a natural situation or by interview.  
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population   group of individuals on which a standardized test is normed.  
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portfolios   places, such as folders, boxes, or baskets, for keeping all the information known about the children in a class.  
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precutaneous umbilical blood sampling   a specialized prenatal test performed during pregnancy. The test predicts the potential for biological disability.  
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predictive validity   how accurately a test score can be used to estimate performance on some variable or criterion in the future.  
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prenatal testing   testing done prior to the birth of a baby  
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prereferral screening   refers to the evidence that you gather to substantiate a developmental concern regarding child progress.  
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presentation mode   way a task or learning situation is presented to a child as part of instruction.  
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primary responsibility   the person expected to perform a certain task.  
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project-based learning   curricula organized on the basis of child generated curiosities  
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psychological evaluation   assessment that incorporates developmental psychological and educational tasks.  
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range   the spread of the scores or the difference between the top score and the bottom score on a test.  
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rating scales   methods of recording whether children possess certain skills or attributes and to what extent.  
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raw score   the number of items that a child answered correctly on a test.  
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referral questions   questions posed in a child study to aid in the determination of the specific problems and needs of a child and the assessing of the developmental progress of the child.  
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Reggio Emilia approach   holistic community way to develop early childhood programs that includes all stakeholders—child, parents, teachers, school leaders, and the community at large.  
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reliability   consistency, dependability, or stability of test results.  
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report card   formal, written documents that form a legal academic history for a child.  
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reporting   ways that teachers generate their knowledge about children’s accomplishments.  
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resiliency   capacity of children and families to overcome odds in spite of obstacles that developmental and environmental factors may place in the way of individuals.  
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response mode   how a child responds to a direction or instruction.  
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RTI conference   the conference with one or more specialists to discuss Tier 1 (modified tasks in the typical classroom), Tier 2 (specialized intervention), Tier 3 (intensive intervention).  
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rubrics   scoring criteria for performance tasks.  
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running records   notes made of routine functioning of an individual child or a small group of children.  
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scaled score   statistically determined scores that are used to derive total scores or that refer to results on subtests of an instrument.  
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screening results   documentation of broad-based, quick overview of child’s developmental or educational progress on a set of objectives/ milestones.  
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screening test   test used to identify children who may be in need of special services, as a first step in identifying children in need of further diagnosis; focuses on the child’s ability to acquire skills.  
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social validity   describes the usefulness of assessment information for the teacher in the educational setting.  
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specificity   percentage of children without developmental problems who are correctly identified by a developmental screening test.  
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stakeholders   people important in the lives of children, especially regarding the assessment of children.  
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standard deviation   the distance scores depart from the mean.  
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standard error of measurement (SEM)   estimate of the amount of variation that can be expected in test scores as a result of reliability correlations.  
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standard score   is created statistically. This process converts raw scores to numbers that can be used to compare child progress on a particular dimension.  
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standardized test   test that interprets a child’s performance in comparison to the performance of other children with similar characteristics.  
🗑
standards-based teaching   an approach to teaching that requires teachers to coordinate instruction to specified standards or goals.  
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stanines   standard scores with nine unequal bands; bands four, five, and six represent average performance.  
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strength-based assessment   requires the assessor to focus on a child’s capacities to plan intervention.  
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student-led conferences   are those meetings between teacher and child where the learner holds the responsibility for reviewing and judging selfprogress in relationship to class standards and teacher judgment. May include parents.  
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summative evaluation   reports the final results of a given assessment. For teachers, this often means the end-of-the-year-summary of child progress.  
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task analysis   process in which large goals are broken down into smaller objectives or parts and sequenced for instruction  
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technical issues   variables of task, learner, and context that can cause problems with performance assessment.  
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techniques   methods, whether formal or informal, for gathering assessment information.  
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test   instrument for measuring skills, knowledge, development, aptitudes, and so on.  
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test-retest reliability   ability to get the same results from a test taken twice within two weeks.  
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textbook tests   assessment materials published by textbook publishers to accompany their instructional materials.  
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time sampling   checklist for determining what is happening at a particular time with one or more children.  
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treatment validity   the usefulness of test results for planning intervention.  
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typical development   the usual or expected developmental pattern of children.  
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ultrasound   a prenatal test in which sound waves are used to determine a fetus’s development.  
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validity   the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.  
🗑
correlation coefficient   degree of relationship between two variables.  
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