Endocrine system
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| homeostasis | body's ability to maintain a state of equilibrium within its internal environment, regardless of changing conditions in the outside environment
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| hormone | chemical substance produced by specialized cells of the body that works slowly and affects many different processes, including growth and development, sexual function, mood, and metabolism
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| metabolism | sum of all chemical and physical processes occuring within living cells
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| endocrinology | branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of hormone imbalances and diseases that affect the endocrine glands
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| aden/o | gland
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| adrenal/o | adrenal glands
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| adren/o | adrenal glands
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| calc/o | calcium
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| gluc/o | sugar, sweetness
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| glyc/o | sugar, sweetness
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands
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| pituitar/o | pituitary gland
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| thym/o | thymus gland
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| thyr/o | thyroid gland
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| thyroid/o | thyroid gland
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| toxic/o | poison
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| -crine | to secrete
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| -ism | condition
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| -toxic | poison
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| hyper- | excessive, above normal
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| poly- | many, much
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| Addison disease | hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex that results in generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and hyperpigmentation of the skin
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| cushing syndrome | cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol (glucocorticoid) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood. may be due to the use of oral corticosteroid medication or by tumors that produce cortisol or ACTH
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| diabetes mellitus (DM) | group of metabolic diseases characterized by high glucose levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both, and occur in two primary forms (type 1 and 2)
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| type 1 diabetes | abrupt onset of DM usually in childhood caused by destruction of beta islet cells of the pancreas with complete deficiency of insulin secretion
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| type 2 diabetes | gradual onset of DM usually appearing in middle age and caused by a deficiency in production of insulin or a resistance to the action of insulin by the cells of the body
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| insulinoma | tumor of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
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| panhypopituitarism | total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
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| pheochromocytoma | rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure) and induces severe blood pressure elevation
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| pituitarism | any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
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| fasting blood glucose (FBG) | fasting blood sugar. measures level of glucose in blood after a 12-hour fast with increased levels that may indicate DM, diabetic acidosis, or some other disorder and decreased levels that may indicate hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinism, or some other disorder
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| glucose tolerance test (GTT) | administration of glucose after a 12-hour fast to measure blood glucose levels at regular intervals (usually over a period of 3 hours) and used to diagnose diabetes mellitus with higher accuracy than other blood glucose tests
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| radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) | test that involves oral administration of radioactive iodine (RAI) and measurement of how quickly the thyroid gland takes up (uptake) iodine from the blood to determine thyroid function)
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| thyroid function test (TFT) | blood test that measures thyroid hormone levels to detect an increase or decrease in thyroid function
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| total calcium | blood test that measures calcium to detect parathyroid and bone disorders
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| adrenalectomy | excision of the adrenal gland to remove an adenoma or a carcinoma
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| lobectomy | removal of one lobe in treatment of endocrine diseases such as hyperthyroidism
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| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland in cases of myasthenia gravis or a tumor
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| thyroidectomy | excision of all or part (one lobe) of the thyroid gland
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| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone hormone, relieve symptoms of menopause and prevent osteoporosis in women
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| insulins | replace insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes or severe type 2 diabetes
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| hypothyroidism | thyroid hormone deficiency. due to excessive secretions of thyroid hormones resulting in metabolic imbalance
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| hyperthyroidism | overproduction of thyroid hormone
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| thyromegaly | thyroid gland inflammation and englargment
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| cretinism | form of hypothyroidism in infants
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| myxedema | when hypothyroidism develops during adulthood. characterized by edema, low blood levels in thyroid hormones, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle/joint pain, sluggishness
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| Graves disease | most common form of hyperthyroidism. autoimmine disease, increases thyroid hormone production, enlarge thyroid gland. characterized by elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weak, emotional instability, exophthalmos
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| goiter | enlarged thyroid gland
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| exophthalmos | eyes protruding due to edematous swelling in the tissues behind them
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