Study material for Enviromental Science Ch 4 & 5 test
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| What is an ecosystem? | all organisms living in an area together with physical environment
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| Where does most of the energy in an ecosystem come from? | sun
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| Habitat | a place an organism lives
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| Niche | its role in the community
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| What is resistance? | the ability an organism can tolerate a chemical designed to kill it
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| Define evolution | a change in genetics in a population from one generation to a next.
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| What is the mechanism for evolution according to Darwin? | natural selection
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| What is coevolution. | the process of two species evolving in response to a long term interaction with one another
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| An example of coevolution | Hawaiian honey sipper
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| What is natural selection? | unequal survival and reproduction that result from the presence or absence of a particular trait
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| Describe the Archaebacteria Kingdom of life? | single-celled and found in harsh environments; prokaryotic
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| Describe the Eubacteria Kingdom of life? | single-celled and very common; prokaryotic
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| Describe the Fungi Kingdom of life? | cell walls and most live on land; decomposers, eukaryotic
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| Describe the Protists Kingdom of life? | singel-celled and most live in water; eukaryotic
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| Describe the Plant Kingdom of life? | many cells, make their own food; eukaryotic
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| Describe the Animal Kingdom of life? | many cells, no cell wall and live in land or water; eukaryotic, heterotroph
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| What converts nitrogen from the air into compounds that plants can use? | nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the root system of legumes
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| biotic factor | living
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| abiotic factor | nonliving
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| Explain how humans have encouraged resistance by insects to pesticides? | By trying to control pest populations with a chemical trying to kill it. Instead, the ones that survive breed other generations that are resistant to the chemical.
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| Define population. | a group of the same species and live and interbreed together
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| Define community. | ecosystem with living and nonliving parts
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| Why are bacteria and fungi important to the environment? | they decompose dying and dead material
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| What characteristics are shared by bacteria, fungus and plants? | cell wall
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| What two kingdoms are mostly autotrophic? | Protista and plants
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| gymnosperms | Evergreens and bear seeds on cones
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| angiosperms | produce flowers and bear seeds in fruit
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| Construct a Quaternary Food Chain | sun, algae, fish, penguins, seals, polar bear
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| vertebrate | with backbones fish amphibians and reptiles.
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| invertebrates | no backbone-corals and worms
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| What is lichen? | It is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an algae
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| What is lichen importance in terms of succession? | is a pioneer species.
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| What is a climax community? | end result of a succession
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| What is an herbivore | eats plants
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| How much energy is passed from one trophic level to another? | 10 %
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| What happens to the other 90% of energy in each trophic level? | the 90% is used or wasted
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| What are decomposers? | break down dead material
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| What is a carnivore? | consumer eats animals
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| Where do fossil fuels come from? | plants and animals that were buried many years ago under quick pressure
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| What is a pioneer species | original species to colonize an
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| Examples of Pioneer species | lichen and moss
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| primary succession | where life has never existed
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| secondary succession | Succession where there has been previous growth such as abandoned fields
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| How does fire improve an ecosystem? | some seeds can only be released by heat. fire removes brush and deadwood, and some animals feed on the new growth after a fire
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| If a fire wipes out an entire forest and succession begins again…what type of succession is this? | secondary succession
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| Where would an ecologist go if he/she needed to study a primary succession? | volcanoes
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| List 3 ways that humans affect the Carbon Cycle | burning fossil fuels (cars, factories, power plants,clearing trees, burning wood,runoff, and burning fuel at high temperatures.
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| List 3 ways that humans affect the Nitrogen Cycle | fertilizers, agricultural and industrial.
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| What are consumers? | heterotrophs get energy from something else
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| What are producers? | autotrophs make their own food
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| How do plants play a crucial role in the environment? | they release oxygen that other organisms need and they are the beginning of the food chain
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| Identify producers in an energy pyramid. | grass, sea weed, seeds
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| Identify Primary consumers in an energy pyramid. | herbivores eat autotrophs(mouse eats the seeds)
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| Identify secondary consumers in an energy pyramid. | animals that eat herbivores (bird eats the mouse)
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| Identify tertiary consumers in an energy pyramid. | animal that eats the secondary consumer (cat eats the bird)
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| Identify quaternary consumers in an energy pyramid. | animal that eats the tertiary consumer (Hawk eats the cat)
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| Top predator | each food chain ends with a top predator - an animal with no natural enemies ex. polar bear
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| What is a food web? | a complex system of interrelates food chains in an ecosystem
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| Describe an old field succession | plowed field is abandoned, it represents a new habitat for plant and animal species to colonize, but because it is basically bare soil, it is a stressful habitat for many plants. There are no trees to provide shade or to serve as windbreaks.
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| Example of a population | zebras that live in the same area and breed together
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| Eample of a community | a pond
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| Example of gymnosperms | pine tree
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| Example of angiosperms | apple trees
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| Example of a carnivore | Lion, Hawk,Shark
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| What is a food chain? | a succession of organisms that get their energy from eating something else or making it themselves
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