Anatomy of the thorax
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| True ribs (#s) | 1-7
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| False ribs (#s) | 8-10 + 11 and 12
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| Floating ribs (#s) | 11 + 12
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| Manubrium articulates with... | clavicle and rib 1`
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| Manubriosternal joint articulates with... | rib 2
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| Body of the sternum articulates with... | ribs 2-6
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| Xyposternal joint articulates with... | rib 7
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| What type of joints are the manubriosternal and xyposternal joints? (CT) | fibrous joints
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| Articulations of costotransverse joint | Transverse process w/ tubercle of rib
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| Articulations of costovertebral joint | Body of vert. w/ head of rib
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| Articulations of costochondral joint | anterior rib (1-10) w/ costal cartilage
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| Articulations of chondrosternal joint | medial costal cartilage (1-7) w/ sternum
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| Articulations of interchondral joint | medial costal cartilage (7-10) w/ costal cartilage (of other ribs)
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| UE - thorax muscles that assist with rib elevation (inspiration) | Pec major, pec minor, and serratus anterior
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| Muscles of head/neck that assist with rib elevation (inspiration) | ant/mid/post salenes, SCM
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| Muscles of the abdomen that assist with rib depression (expiration) | Ex/int obliques, rectus abdominus
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| Contraction of the diaphram causes ____ | inspiration
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| Relaxation of the diaphram causes ____ | expiration (via elastic recoil)
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| External intercostals assist with... | inspiration
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| Serratus posterior superior assists with... | inspiration
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| Serratus posterior inferior assists with... | expiration
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| Internal intercostals assist with... | expiration
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| Intercostal nerves (ant. rami of spinal nerves) run along... | the inferior border of ribs
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| The internal thoracic artery branches from... | the subclavian artery
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| Posterior intercostals 3-11 branch from... | the aorta
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| Posterior intercostals 1-2 branch from... | subclavian artery
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| Subcostal artery runs inferior to __ and branches from ____ | 12th rib, aorta
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| The right lung has __ lobes | 3
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| The left lung has __ lobes | 2
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| Bronchial arteries | branch from aorta and bring O2 blood to lungs
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| Pulmonary veins return ___ blood to __ | oxygenated blood to the L artium
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| Alveoli | sacs of gas exchange (surrounded by capillary bed)
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| Pleura | tissue to reduce friction of lungs on thoracic wall
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| Coronary sulcus / atrioventricular groove | groove that separates atria from ventricles
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| What travels along the coronary sulcus? | R/L coronary arteries
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| Superior vena cava receives blood from... | head, neck, UE, upper thorax
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| Inferior vena cava receives blood from... | lower thorax, and everything inferior to the diaphram
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| The coronary sinus brings deoxygenated blood from ___ to ____ | from myocardium to the R atrium
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| Pulmonary circuit (pathway) | blood of body -> R atrium -> tricuspid valve -> R vent -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> O2 blood -> pulmonary veins (4) -> L atrium
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| Systemic circuit (pathway) | O2 blood -> L atrium -> bicuspid/mitral valve -> L vent -> aorta -> body
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| BP of systemic circuit vs pulmonary circuit | systemic BP > pulmonary circuit
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| Angina pectoris | temp. deficiency in b supply to myocardium (exercise/stress induced) -> chest pain
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| Myocardial infarction (MI) | prolonged blockage of blood flow (ischemia) -> cardiac muscle cells die
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| Tricuspid valve lies b/w | R atrium and R vent
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| Bicuspid/mitral valve lies b/w | L atrium and L vent
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| Chordae tendinae | CT attaching papillary muscles to cusps
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| Chordae tendinae prevent.. | prolapse (of valves)
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| The atrioventricular valves are open during __ | diastole
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| Diastole | heart relaxes b/w beats, blood enters atria and ventricles, SL valves close from backflow (S2)
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| Systole | heart contraction = atria contract -> vent contracts + AV valves close (S1) -> force blood into pulmonary artery + aorta
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| The pulmonary valves lies between... | R vent and the pulmonary artery
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| The aortic valve lies between... | L vent and the aorta
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| Fibrous pericardium prevents | over-stretching of the heart
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| Heart depolarization (pathway) | SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> R/L bundle branches -> purkinje fibers
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| Intrinsic rate of SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibers | SA: 75-100 bpm, AV: 50 bpm, Purkinje: 30 bpm
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| Pacemaker cells | SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers
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| P wave | depolarization wave from SA to AV
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| P wave causes | atrial contraction
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| QRS wave | depolarization wave of ventricles
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| QRS wave causes | ventricular contraction
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| T wave | ventricular repolarization
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| S1 (heart sound) | closure of AV valves (beginning of systole)
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| S2 (heart sound) | closure of SL valves (beginning of diastole)
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| Stenotic murmur | valve of decreased diameter -> turbulent flow
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| Regurgitation murmur | valve does not close completely
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| Cardiac output (CO) | volume of blood pumped (by each ventricle) per minute
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| CO = | HR x SV (stroke volume)
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| Stroke volume (SV) | volume of blood pumped per beat
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| Ventricle ejects about __% of blood it contains | 60%
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| What increases SV? | increase venous return, increased atrial pressure
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| Pectoralix major (N) | Lat + med pec nerves
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| Serratus anterior (N) | long throacic nerve
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| Scalenes (N) | ventral nerves of C7-8, cervical spinal nerves C4-6
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| SCM (N) | accessory nerve
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| Anterior abdominal muscles (N) | lower six thoracic nerves
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| Pectoralis minor (N) | medial pec nerve
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| Serratus posterior superior (N) | 2-5 intercostal nerves
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| Serratus posterior inferior (N) | 9-12 intercostal nerves
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| External intercostals (N) | intercostal nerves
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| Internal intercostals (N) | intercostal nerves
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| Conducting zone | no gas exchange (trachea + bronchii)
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| Respiratory zone | gas exchange (alveolus)
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| Surfactin | keeps alveolus open
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| Function of thoracic wall | protect + help breathing
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| Costal grooves hold... | arteries, nerves, veins
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| 1st rib is a __ rib | atypical
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| Costal cartilage provides... | elasticity
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| Thoracic and lumbar nerves are named for.. | superior vertebrae
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| Bucket handle | ribs during inspiration
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| Pump handle | sternum during inspiration
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| "Lub" | AV valves shut
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| "Dub" | SL valves shut
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| Thoracic outlet syndrome | compression of arteries/nerves in superior thoracic outlet
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| Herpes zoster (shingles) | virus that resides in nerves -> radiating skin rash (often following intercostal nerves)
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| Pneumothorax | collapsed lung due to fluid/air build up -> shortness of breath
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| Pleuritis | Inflammation of pleura -> friction and pain during breathing
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| Atelectasis | Collapsed lung (often post-surgery and due to a lack of surfactant)
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| Pulmonary embolism | blood clot of pulmonary arteries
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| Bronchogenic carcinoma | lung cancer
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| Cardiac tamponade | pericardium fills w/ fluid -> pressure on heart
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| Septal defect | hole b/w ventricles
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| Cerebrovascular accident | stroke (blocked BVs in brain)
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| Angina | chest pain due to a lack of blood flow to the heart
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| Myocardial infarction | "heart attack" = death of heart muscle cells due to ischemia (lack of blood flow)
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| Coronary artery disease | plaque build up in arteries of the heart
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| Aortic aneurysm | enlargement of the aorta (can cause pain, may lead to hemorrhage)
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Created by:
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