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Module 9 (Thorax)
Anatomy of the thorax
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True ribs (#s) | 1-7 |
| False ribs (#s) | 8-10 + 11 and 12 |
| Floating ribs (#s) | 11 + 12 |
| Manubrium articulates with... | clavicle and rib 1` |
| Manubriosternal joint articulates with... | rib 2 |
| Body of the sternum articulates with... | ribs 2-6 |
| Xyposternal joint articulates with... | rib 7 |
| What type of joints are the manubriosternal and xyposternal joints? (CT) | fibrous joints |
| Articulations of costotransverse joint | Transverse process w/ tubercle of rib |
| Articulations of costovertebral joint | Body of vert. w/ head of rib |
| Articulations of costochondral joint | anterior rib (1-10) w/ costal cartilage |
| Articulations of chondrosternal joint | medial costal cartilage (1-7) w/ sternum |
| Articulations of interchondral joint | medial costal cartilage (7-10) w/ costal cartilage (of other ribs) |
| UE - thorax muscles that assist with rib elevation (inspiration) | Pec major, pec minor, and serratus anterior |
| Muscles of head/neck that assist with rib elevation (inspiration) | ant/mid/post salenes, SCM |
| Muscles of the abdomen that assist with rib depression (expiration) | Ex/int obliques, rectus abdominus |
| Contraction of the diaphram causes ____ | inspiration |
| Relaxation of the diaphram causes ____ | expiration (via elastic recoil) |
| External intercostals assist with... | inspiration |
| Serratus posterior superior assists with... | inspiration |
| Serratus posterior inferior assists with... | expiration |
| Internal intercostals assist with... | expiration |
| Intercostal nerves (ant. rami of spinal nerves) run along... | the inferior border of ribs |
| The internal thoracic artery branches from... | the subclavian artery |
| Posterior intercostals 3-11 branch from... | the aorta |
| Posterior intercostals 1-2 branch from... | subclavian artery |
| Subcostal artery runs inferior to __ and branches from ____ | 12th rib, aorta |
| The right lung has __ lobes | 3 |
| The left lung has __ lobes | 2 |
| Bronchial arteries | branch from aorta and bring O2 blood to lungs |
| Pulmonary veins return ___ blood to __ | oxygenated blood to the L artium |
| Alveoli | sacs of gas exchange (surrounded by capillary bed) |
| Pleura | tissue to reduce friction of lungs on thoracic wall |
| Coronary sulcus / atrioventricular groove | groove that separates atria from ventricles |
| What travels along the coronary sulcus? | R/L coronary arteries |
| Superior vena cava receives blood from... | head, neck, UE, upper thorax |
| Inferior vena cava receives blood from... | lower thorax, and everything inferior to the diaphram |
| The coronary sinus brings deoxygenated blood from ___ to ____ | from myocardium to the R atrium |
| Pulmonary circuit (pathway) | blood of body -> R atrium -> tricuspid valve -> R vent -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> O2 blood -> pulmonary veins (4) -> L atrium |
| Systemic circuit (pathway) | O2 blood -> L atrium -> bicuspid/mitral valve -> L vent -> aorta -> body |
| BP of systemic circuit vs pulmonary circuit | systemic BP > pulmonary circuit |
| Angina pectoris | temp. deficiency in b supply to myocardium (exercise/stress induced) -> chest pain |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | prolonged blockage of blood flow (ischemia) -> cardiac muscle cells die |
| Tricuspid valve lies b/w | R atrium and R vent |
| Bicuspid/mitral valve lies b/w | L atrium and L vent |
| Chordae tendinae | CT attaching papillary muscles to cusps |
| Chordae tendinae prevent.. | prolapse (of valves) |
| The atrioventricular valves are open during __ | diastole |
| Diastole | heart relaxes b/w beats, blood enters atria and ventricles, SL valves close from backflow (S2) |
| Systole | heart contraction = atria contract -> vent contracts + AV valves close (S1) -> force blood into pulmonary artery + aorta |
| The pulmonary valves lies between... | R vent and the pulmonary artery |
| The aortic valve lies between... | L vent and the aorta |
| Fibrous pericardium prevents | over-stretching of the heart |
| Heart depolarization (pathway) | SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> R/L bundle branches -> purkinje fibers |
| Intrinsic rate of SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibers | SA: 75-100 bpm, AV: 50 bpm, Purkinje: 30 bpm |
| Pacemaker cells | SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers |
| P wave | depolarization wave from SA to AV |
| P wave causes | atrial contraction |
| QRS wave | depolarization wave of ventricles |
| QRS wave causes | ventricular contraction |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization |
| S1 (heart sound) | closure of AV valves (beginning of systole) |
| S2 (heart sound) | closure of SL valves (beginning of diastole) |
| Stenotic murmur | valve of decreased diameter -> turbulent flow |
| Regurgitation murmur | valve does not close completely |
| Cardiac output (CO) | volume of blood pumped (by each ventricle) per minute |
| CO = | HR x SV (stroke volume) |
| Stroke volume (SV) | volume of blood pumped per beat |
| Ventricle ejects about __% of blood it contains | 60% |
| What increases SV? | increase venous return, increased atrial pressure |
| Pectoralix major (N) | Lat + med pec nerves |
| Serratus anterior (N) | long throacic nerve |
| Scalenes (N) | ventral nerves of C7-8, cervical spinal nerves C4-6 |
| SCM (N) | accessory nerve |
| Anterior abdominal muscles (N) | lower six thoracic nerves |
| Pectoralis minor (N) | medial pec nerve |
| Serratus posterior superior (N) | 2-5 intercostal nerves |
| Serratus posterior inferior (N) | 9-12 intercostal nerves |
| External intercostals (N) | intercostal nerves |
| Internal intercostals (N) | intercostal nerves |
| Conducting zone | no gas exchange (trachea + bronchii) |
| Respiratory zone | gas exchange (alveolus) |
| Surfactin | keeps alveolus open |
| Function of thoracic wall | protect + help breathing |
| Costal grooves hold... | arteries, nerves, veins |
| 1st rib is a __ rib | atypical |
| Costal cartilage provides... | elasticity |
| Thoracic and lumbar nerves are named for.. | superior vertebrae |
| Bucket handle | ribs during inspiration |
| Pump handle | sternum during inspiration |
| "Lub" | AV valves shut |
| "Dub" | SL valves shut |
| Thoracic outlet syndrome | compression of arteries/nerves in superior thoracic outlet |
| Herpes zoster (shingles) | virus that resides in nerves -> radiating skin rash (often following intercostal nerves) |
| Pneumothorax | collapsed lung due to fluid/air build up -> shortness of breath |
| Pleuritis | Inflammation of pleura -> friction and pain during breathing |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed lung (often post-surgery and due to a lack of surfactant) |
| Pulmonary embolism | blood clot of pulmonary arteries |
| Bronchogenic carcinoma | lung cancer |
| Cardiac tamponade | pericardium fills w/ fluid -> pressure on heart |
| Septal defect | hole b/w ventricles |
| Cerebrovascular accident | stroke (blocked BVs in brain) |
| Angina | chest pain due to a lack of blood flow to the heart |
| Myocardial infarction | "heart attack" = death of heart muscle cells due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) |
| Coronary artery disease | plaque build up in arteries of the heart |
| Aortic aneurysm | enlargement of the aorta (can cause pain, may lead to hemorrhage) |
Created by:
cbaweiss
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